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Psych, Natural Science > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychology is the study of

A

mental processes and behaviour

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2
Q

What are mental processes?

A

activities of our brain when engaged in thinking, observing the environment and using language

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3
Q

What is behaviour?

A

observable activities of an organism

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4
Q

what are the four goals of psychology?

A

description, explanation, prediction, control

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5
Q

when studying why a certain behaviour or mental process occurs, one can study the influences of:

A

the brain, the individual and the group

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6
Q

What is analyzed in the brain?

A

how brain structure and brain activity differ from person to person and situation to situation

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7
Q

What is analyzed in the person

A

How the content of the individual’s mental processes form and influence behaviour

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8
Q

What is analyzed in the group?

A

how behaviour is shaped by the social and cultural environments

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9
Q

Philosophy is the study of

A

knowledge and the reality

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10
Q

How did philosophy lead to modern day scientific theory?

A

philosophers posed questions and then discussed proposed solutions

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11
Q

who used direct observation to test his theory of medicine?

A

hippocrates

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12
Q

Hippocrates developed one of the first psychological theories:

A

physical and psychological health are influenced by the four humours: blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. This identified a persons character and he identified the brain as organ of mental life

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13
Q

socrates believed truth lies in mind and is

A

highly dependent upon subjective states

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14
Q

plato believed certain areas are…

A

pure and represent an ultimate reality

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15
Q

aristotle wrote about

A

sensations, dreams, sleep and learning

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16
Q

spiritual view was replaced by world based on mathematics and mechanics between centuries

A

1400 and 1600

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17
Q

Wilhelm Wundt was considered to be the

A

father of psychology

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18
Q

Wilhelm Wundt established the first..

A

psychology lab in 1879

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19
Q

Wilhelm Wundt started a branch of psychology called …. where he studied…

A

voluntarism, consciousness

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20
Q

What is structuralism

A

an attempt to try to identify all of the basic elements of consciousness.

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21
Q

What method does structuralism use?

A

introspection

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22
Q

Edward Thitchener was a student of Wundt who formed the school of

A

structuralism in the US

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23
Q

What is functionalism?

A

the belief that mental processes were fluid (stream of consciousness) instead of fixed elements as structuralists thought

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24
Q

Functionalism emphasized the functions of the mind in

A

adapting to a changing environment

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25
Q

William James set up the first…

A

psychology lab in the US at Harvard

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26
Q

William James wrote the first…

A

psychology textbook, Principles of psychology

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27
Q

… psychology says consciousness cannot be broken down into small elements

A

Gestalt

28
Q

According to Gestalt we perceive things as…

A

whole perceptual units

29
Q

where does “the whole is greater than the sum of its parts” come from?

A

Gestalt Psychology

30
Q

According to Gestalt Psychology, problem solving…

A

involves insight

31
Q

What is psychoanalysis?

A

the belief that people’s behaviours are based on their unconscious desires and conflicts

32
Q

Sigmund Freud developed…

A

a form of therapy that aimed to resolve unconscious conflicts

33
Q

What is behaviourism?

A

the belief that the scientific investigation of psychology should be focused only on behaviour you can observe

34
Q

What did Ivan Pavlov discover?

A

found that dogs could learn to associate a bell with an automatic behaviour such as salivating for food. This is called Classical conditioning.

35
Q

What did Edward Thorndike propose?

A

animal research could help explain human behaviour

36
Q

Behaviourism is involved with which five people?

A

Ivan Pavlov, Edward Thorndike, John B. Watson, B.F. skinner, Alberta Bandura

37
Q

What did John B Watson experiment?

A

The little albert experiment and solidified classical conditioning

38
Q

B.F. Skinner developed…

A

operant conditioning which uses reinforcement and punishment to shape behaviours

39
Q

Albert Bandura demonstrated that children…

A

also learn by social observation or modelling

40
Q

What is humanistic psychology?

A

stresses a persons capacity for personal growth, freedom to choose his or her destiny and positive qualities.

41
Q

Humanists say that our subjective perceptions of the world are…

A

unique and are more important than behaviour itself

42
Q

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are researchers of…

A

Humanistic Psychology

43
Q

Carl Rogers developed…

A

client centred therapy, which said that people are innately good

44
Q

Abraham Maslow developed

A

a theory of motivation that consists of a hierarchy

45
Q

Self-actualization is developed from who’s theory?

A

Abraham Maslow

46
Q

…. is focused on the important role of mental processes in how people

A

cognitive psychology

47
Q

Cognitive psychologist compared…

A

the human mind to a computer

48
Q

Cognitive scientists developed…

A

rigorous experimental standards

49
Q

Ulric Neisser is a scientist of what kind of psychology?

A

cognitive

50
Q

Ulric Neisser coined the term….as the study of information

A

cognitive psychology as the study of information processing

51
Q

What is cultural psychology?

A

the study of how cognitive processes vary across different populations

52
Q

What is cross-cultural psychology?

A

the study of the cognitive processes that are universal regardless of culture

53
Q

What is neuroscience?

A

The study of the brain structure and activity as they are related to individual behaviours and group dynamics

54
Q

Who is Karl Lashley

A

He used surgical techniques to attempt to locate all areas of the brain responsible for memory, learning, and other functions

55
Q

Who is Roger Sperry

A

He conducted split brain research on animals

56
Q

2 subfields influenced by neuroscience

A

behavioural genetics and evolutionary psychology

57
Q

What is behavioural genetics

A

examines the influence of genes on human behaviour

58
Q

What is evolutionary psychology?

A

evolution and genetic inheritance are important in shaping our thoughts and behaviours

59
Q

Sociobiology proposes what?

A

that our social behaviour is the result of biological and cultural influences

60
Q

What are the three main branches of psychology?

A

Clinical and counselling psychology, academic, applied

61
Q

What branch of psychology is working as therapists?

A

clinical and counselling

62
Q

What branch of psychology is work as professors, both teaching and doing research?

A

academic

63
Q

What kind of psychology is work in schools, marketing firms, research institutions, etc

A

applied

64
Q

Four shared values of all psychologists

A

Theory driven, empirical, multilevel, contextual

65
Q

3 current trends in psychology

A

growing diversity, advances in technology, new schools of thought such as psychotherapy focus on happiness and other positive emotions

Psych, Natural Science (9 decks)

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