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Psych, Natural Science > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Language facilitates

A

thinking, problem solving and decision making.

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2
Q

Language is unique to

A

humans and supports creative and progressive social interaction

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3
Q

Language production

A

the structured and convention expression of thoughts through words

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4
Q

Speech

A

the expression of language through sounds

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5
Q

Language comprehension

A

the process of understanding spoke, written or signed language

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6
Q

6 characteristics of language production

A

Phonology, Phoneme, Semantics, Morpheme,, Lexical meaning, Syntax

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7
Q

Phonology is

A

the study of how individual sounds or phonemes are used to produce language

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8
Q

phoneme

A

the smallest unit of sound in language, and individual sound

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9
Q

Semantics

A

the study of how meaning in language is constructed of individual words and sentences

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10
Q

Morpheme

A

the smallest unit of a language that conveys meaning

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11
Q

Lexical meaning

A

dictionary meaning of a word

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12
Q

Syntax

A

the system for conveying meaning using words and order

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13
Q

Pragmatics

A

the practical aspects of language usage including speech pace, gesturing and body language

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14
Q

6 Sequence of language learning

A

Prevocal - Babbling - First Words - Telegraphic Speech - Pragmatics - Grammar

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15
Q

Prevocal learning

A

occurs at 2-4 months old. Babies distinguish all phonemes they will later use for language such as cooing

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16
Q

Babbling

A

6 months: meaningless experimental sounds

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17
Q

telegraphic specch

A

2 years of age - two word sentences omitting all but essential words

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18
Q

three theories of how language develops

A

nature, nurture, nature and nurture

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19
Q

Chomsky theorized

A

children are genetically programmed at birth to learn language

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20
Q

Skinner theorized about language:

A

language is entirely learned because of rewards from certain words and sounds

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21
Q

Interactionalist perspective

A

both theories of nature and nurture are important

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22
Q

Critical period

A

stage when an individual is particularly open to specific learning

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23
Q

Sensitive Period

A

stage in development wen an individual can best acquire specific skills like language. Before 13

24
Q

Child directed speech

A

high pitched voice

25
Q

Overregulation and Grammar Development are

A

affected by the environment. It is the process by which elementary school children apply learned grammatical rules to improperly correct and irregular verb. For instance, thinking instead of thought

26
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Critical for speech production. It is associated with grammar comprehension and located in the frontal lobe

27
Q

Agrammatism

A

The inability to speak with proper grammar. It is in the Broca’s area

28
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Critical for language comprehension. It is located in the temporal lobe

29
Q

Aphasia

A

type of language loss

30
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

unable to produce coherent speech

31
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

unable to comprehend speech

32
Q

amygdala

A

important for fear and aggression. It is involved in the use of profanity

33
Q

Right hemisphere and language

A

important for understanding figurative language. Damage to this can lead to taking figurative language seriously

34
Q

Prefrontal Cortex and Temporal Lobe are important for

A

second language learned after childhood

35
Q

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

A

The vocabulary available for objects or concepts in a language influences how speakers of that language think about them

36
Q

controlled processing

A

in thought, effortful and relies on a limited capacity system

37
Q

cognitive control

A

guiding thinking and action, guiding attention, pursuing complex behviour

38
Q

Executive Function

A

the brains ability to control and manage the mental processing of information

39
Q

dysexecutive syndrome

A

impairments in the ability to control and direct mental activites

40
Q

Automatic processing

A

seems effortless, not usually disrupted much if we are distracted and requires less attention

41
Q

3 strategies of problem solving

A

algorithm, heuristic and insight

42
Q

algorithm

A

step by step procedure to solving problems that guarantees a solution

43
Q

Heuristics

A

short cut to solving problems but does not guarantee a correct solution such as an analogy, working backwards

44
Q

Insight

A

sudden realization of an answer

45
Q

Mental set

A

tendency to use problem solving strategies that have worked in the past

46
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

our failure to use familiar objects in novel ways to solve our problems

47
Q

Confirmation bias

A

we often search for information that confirms our expectations

48
Q

Representative Heuristic

A

In decision making, guessing the probability of something based on how closely a new object is judged to resemble our existing stereotype of that object

49
Q

Available Heuristic

A

guessing the probability of something based on how quickly and easily information bearing on it come to mind

50
Q

Rational decision making

A

decide on criteria, rank options on how well they meet the criteria

51
Q

Emotional decision making

A

important in social interactions. People often make irrational decisions based on emotions

52
Q

framing

A

the way information is presented to represent either a potential grain or potential loss

53
Q

metacognition

A

thinking about ones own thoughts such as reviewing memories, considering past learning to understand events in the present

54
Q

theory of the mind

A

thinking about another persons feelings or intentions. Many people are capable of complicated thought and seem to possess a theory of mind

55
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

A

Anxiety disorder characterized by the presence of anxiety producing thoughts or obsessions. May perform compulsive actions to help get rid of the obsessive thoughts

56
Q

Schizophrenia

A

psychotic disorder in which an individual had lost touch with reality. People may experience hallucinations, delusions, heightened perceptions

Psych, Natural Science (9 decks)

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