Chapter 9 Flashcards
Language facilitates
thinking, problem solving and decision making.
Language is unique to
humans and supports creative and progressive social interaction
Language production
the structured and convention expression of thoughts through words
Speech
the expression of language through sounds
Language comprehension
the process of understanding spoke, written or signed language
6 characteristics of language production
Phonology, Phoneme, Semantics, Morpheme,, Lexical meaning, Syntax
Phonology is
the study of how individual sounds or phonemes are used to produce language
phoneme
the smallest unit of sound in language, and individual sound
Semantics
the study of how meaning in language is constructed of individual words and sentences
Morpheme
the smallest unit of a language that conveys meaning
Lexical meaning
dictionary meaning of a word
Syntax
the system for conveying meaning using words and order
Pragmatics
the practical aspects of language usage including speech pace, gesturing and body language
6 Sequence of language learning
Prevocal - Babbling - First Words - Telegraphic Speech - Pragmatics - Grammar
Prevocal learning
occurs at 2-4 months old. Babies distinguish all phonemes they will later use for language such as cooing
Babbling
6 months: meaningless experimental sounds
telegraphic specch
2 years of age - two word sentences omitting all but essential words
three theories of how language develops
nature, nurture, nature and nurture
Chomsky theorized
children are genetically programmed at birth to learn language
Skinner theorized about language:
language is entirely learned because of rewards from certain words and sounds
Interactionalist perspective
both theories of nature and nurture are important
Critical period
stage when an individual is particularly open to specific learning
Sensitive Period
stage in development wen an individual can best acquire specific skills like language. Before 13
Child directed speech
high pitched voice
Overregulation and Grammar Development are
affected by the environment. It is the process by which elementary school children apply learned grammatical rules to improperly correct and irregular verb. For instance, thinking instead of thought
Broca’s Area
Critical for speech production. It is associated with grammar comprehension and located in the frontal lobe
Agrammatism
The inability to speak with proper grammar. It is in the Broca’s area
Wernicke’s Area
Critical for language comprehension. It is located in the temporal lobe
Aphasia
type of language loss
Broca’s aphasia
unable to produce coherent speech
Wernicke’s Aphasia
unable to comprehend speech
amygdala
important for fear and aggression. It is involved in the use of profanity
Right hemisphere and language
important for understanding figurative language. Damage to this can lead to taking figurative language seriously
Prefrontal Cortex and Temporal Lobe are important for
second language learned after childhood
Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis
The vocabulary available for objects or concepts in a language influences how speakers of that language think about them
controlled processing
in thought, effortful and relies on a limited capacity system
cognitive control
guiding thinking and action, guiding attention, pursuing complex behviour
Executive Function
the brains ability to control and manage the mental processing of information
dysexecutive syndrome
impairments in the ability to control and direct mental activites
Automatic processing
seems effortless, not usually disrupted much if we are distracted and requires less attention
3 strategies of problem solving
algorithm, heuristic and insight
algorithm
step by step procedure to solving problems that guarantees a solution
Heuristics
short cut to solving problems but does not guarantee a correct solution such as an analogy, working backwards
Insight
sudden realization of an answer
Mental set
tendency to use problem solving strategies that have worked in the past
Functional Fixedness
our failure to use familiar objects in novel ways to solve our problems
Confirmation bias
we often search for information that confirms our expectations
Representative Heuristic
In decision making, guessing the probability of something based on how closely a new object is judged to resemble our existing stereotype of that object
Available Heuristic
guessing the probability of something based on how quickly and easily information bearing on it come to mind
Rational decision making
decide on criteria, rank options on how well they meet the criteria
Emotional decision making
important in social interactions. People often make irrational decisions based on emotions
framing
the way information is presented to represent either a potential grain or potential loss
metacognition
thinking about ones own thoughts such as reviewing memories, considering past learning to understand events in the present
theory of the mind
thinking about another persons feelings or intentions. Many people are capable of complicated thought and seem to possess a theory of mind
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Anxiety disorder characterized by the presence of anxiety producing thoughts or obsessions. May perform compulsive actions to help get rid of the obsessive thoughts
Schizophrenia
psychotic disorder in which an individual had lost touch with reality. People may experience hallucinations, delusions, heightened perceptions
