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PSY 1101 > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between sensations, perceptions and transductions?

A

S - environment used to create understanding of world
P - combination of sensations arriving from sensory system and prior knowledge
T - sensations translated to electrochemical transmission of brain

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2
Q

What is the difference between bottom-up and top-down processing?

A

BU - physical sensations begin early level analysis
TD - combines sensory input with prior knowledge to derive meaning and value
- effected by personal experience

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3
Q

What are the 6 fundamental organization of information?

A
  1. figure-ground
  2. principle of proximity
  3. principle of similarity
  4. principle of closure
  5. principle of good continuation
  6. principle of common fate
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4
Q

What is the part light travels in the eye?

A

a. cornea
b. pupil (big/small) / iris (color of eye)
c. lens (close and far)
d. vitreous humor (liquid)
e. retina (where light is focused)

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4
Q

what is the pathway light passes in the retina?

A

a. rods and cones
b. bipolar cells
c. ganglion cells

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5
Q

explain the difference between rods and cones?

A

R - low light, information about movement, located in the periphery, 30% of visual information, light intensity
C - color, detail/ focus, 70% of visual, located in fovea

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5
Q

what is the transduction in the eye?

A

retina

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6
Q

What are the 2 parts of the retina?

A
  • fovea (where light should be focused)
  • optic nerve/ blind spot (long axon) - where the optic nerve leaves the eye
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7
Q

what are the 3 main parts of the visual pathway?

A
  • lateral geniculate nucleus
  • visual striate cortex
  • retinotopic organization
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8
Q

What are the color matches of cells firing in opposition fashion?

A
  • red/ green
  • blue/ yellow
  • black/ white
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8
Q

what are the 6 ways of perceiving depth from 1 eye - monocular cues?

A
  1. occlusion - in front/ behind
  2. relative height - distance
  3. relative size - size by small or big
  4. perspective convergence - POV
  5. familiar size - small elephant is far away
  6. atmospheric perspective - things farther away appear more blue
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9
Q

What is the trichromatic theory?

A
  • color occurs in 3 kinds of cones
  • depending on how each cones is fired with each wavelength, different colors appear.
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10
Q

What are the 2 opposing process theories?

A

a. trichromatic theory explains color vision in cones
b. opponent process explains color with ganglion cells

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11
Q

Explain depth perception for via binocular cues?

A
  • requires information from both eyes
    retinal disparity: difference between where the sane object falls on both retinas
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12
Q

Where is transduction in the ear?

A

hair cells

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12
Q

What is the pathways of sound in the ear?

A

a. pinna
b. tympanic membrane
c. ossicles
d. oval window
e. cochlea (basilar membrane)

13
Q

What is the difference between place theory and frequency theory?

A

PT - different frequencies stimulate specific areas of the basilar membrane
FT - pitch perception is also based on firing rate of hair cells

14
Q

what is sound localization?

A

sound reaches one ear before the other so you are able to tell where the object is, even with your eyes closed.

14
Q

What is the difference between involuntary musical imagery and the McGurk effect?

A

MG - enhance speech perception, demonstrating the interplay between auditory and visual systems.

15
Q

What is the difference between odorants and chemoreceptors and where are these signals combined?

A

O - stimuli that create sensations of smell and taste
C - respond to properties in air molecules

  • orbitofrontal cortex
16
Q

What is the difference between the olfactory mucosa and the olfactory receptor neuron (ORN)?

A

OM - location of receptor cells
ORN - receptors that send messages to glomeruli
- over 350 different kinds

17
Q

What are the 4 areas for taste receptors in papillae?

A
  • filiform (no taste buds)
  • fungiform
  • foliate
  • circumvallate
18
Q

How many taste sensitive cells are on each taste bud?

A

50-100

19
Q

How does skin provide information?

A
  1. temperature
  2. pain
  3. surface qualities of objects
  4. body location in space
20
Q

What are mechanoreceptors and what are the 4 kinds of receptors - skin?

A

cells that respond to pressure
a. Merkel receptor (keep firing until hands removed- fingers/lips - fine details)
b. Meissen corpuscle (activates and inactivates with pressure - fingers/ eyelids - vibrations)
c. Ruffini cylinder (stretch skin)
d. Pacinian corpuscle (vibration)

21
Q

What is special about the somatosensory cortex?

A

somatotopic organization - each area of brain stays organized with each part of the body (more space = more feeling)
- partial lobe

22
Q

How does the body sense where it is in location in space?

A
  • uses receptors in the joints and muscles
  • uses somatosensory cortex
23
Q

Where does the sense of balance come from?

A
  • semicircular canals: sense changes in acceleration and rotation of head
  • vestibular sacs (ear): respond to balance and posture
24
Q

What is the stimulus detection theory?

A
  • absolute threshold to detect stimulus: from when we don’t to when we do experience a sensation
  • signal detection: biases in detecting stimuli
    • liberal: reports stimuli when it isn’t
      - conservative: reports stimuli when it is present
25
Q

What is difference threshold?

A

the smallest amount of change in a stimulus that a person a can detect 50% of the time

26
Q

What is weber’s law?

A

explains difference threshold
- the higher the intensity of a stimulus, the more it needs to change before a person can notice a difference

27
Q

What are the cultural differences in perception?

A

individual: focus on individual interest/ one thing
collective: focused on the big picture

28
Q

What is innate organization tendencies?

A

gestalt psychologists propose that humans have natural tendencies to organize information meaningfully
- prioritize information over background noise

PSY 1101 (9 decks)

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