Learning

Question 1

What are the 3 types of learning and explain?

Answer 1

1. pavlovian or classical conditional: a previously neutral stimulus elicits a response because it signals another stimulus
2. Operant or instrumental conditioning: a response becomes more or less likely to occur depending on its consequences
3. social or observational conditioning: an observer imitates another person’s behavior

Question 2

What are the 5 key terms in Pavlov’s or classical conditioning?

Answer 2

1. unconditional stimulus: naturally elicits a response
2. unconditional response: natural response to stimuli
3. neutral stimulus: does not elicit response
4. conditional stimulus: elicits response due to learning
5. condition response: learned response

Question 3

What is the order of responses and stimuli?

Answer 3

• present the CS BEFORE the US
• repeatedly present the CS after the US

Question 4

What is short delayed conditioning?

Answer 4

the unconditional stimulus occurs within a few seconds of the start of the conditional stimulus. You hear a thunderclap shortly after you see lightning. This is the most effective excitatory conditioning procedure.

Question 5

What is trace conditioning?

Answer 5

the unconditional stimulus occurs minutes or hours after the conditional stimulus has stopped. You eat gas station sushi hours before you feel the effects of salmonella. With stimuli other than food, the events in this procedure are so far apart they seem to have no relation.

Question 6

What is long delay conditioning?

Answer 6

the unconditional stimulus occurs after the conditional stimulus has been there for a while. You hear tornado warning sirens or see the sky turn green or black minutes before you see the tornado. The conditional stimulus in this procedure doesn’t pinpoint well exactly when the unconditional stimulus will occur.

Question 7

What is backwards conditioning?

Answer 7

the unconditional stimulus occurs a few seconds before the start of the conditional stimulus. You might hear thunder before you see lightning. Then the lightning just tells you that thunder won’t occur.

Question 8

What is extinction?

Answer 8

We see this loss of associative strength as an increasingly weaker conditional response

Question 9

What is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 9

a conditional stimulus presented alone after a rest period will elicit a conditional response
- response won’t be as big

Question 10

What is generalization?

Answer 10

responding similarly to conceptually or physically similar stimuli.
- an event that has not been paired with the unconditional stimulus also elicits or causes the conditional response

Question 11

What is discrimination?

Answer 11

responding differently to different events. - It’s the opposite of stimulus generalization.

Question 12

What is higher order conditioning?

Answer 12

A conditioning procedure in which an already-conditioned signal is paired with a neutral stimulus or currently meaningless event.

Question 13

What was the JB Watson and little albert experiment?

Answer 13

generate fear with a neutral stimulus
- since they made a noise every time he say the white rat, he became fearful of white fluffy things

Question 14

What was the findings of the EL Thorndike law of effect?

Answer 14

• satisfaction leads to stronger associated between stimuli and response
• discomfort weakens associations between stimuli and response

Question 15

What are the main terms in BF skinners operant experiment?

Answer 15

Antecedents: environmental stimuli that determines response
behavior: activity of living being
consequence: reinforcement or punishment

Question 16

What are the 4 types of operant contingencies?

Answer 16

1. positive reinforcement
2. negative reinforcement
3. positive punishment
4. negative punishment

Question 17

What is partial reinforcement extinction effect?

Answer 17

behavior exposed to a continuous reinforcement schedule will stop faster without reinforcement than behavior exposed to an intermittent reinforcement schedule
- getting reward after every time vs getting reward after a longer time; people who get reward after every time, when reward stops, will show extinction faster

Question 18

What is extinction burst?

Answer 18

pressing the button multiple times and the drink doesn’t come out.
- doing the activity multiple times without reward to try to get reward, then stopping when there is nothing

Question 19

What is shaping?

Answer 19

reinforcing behavior in steps to get closer to what you actually want them to do

Question 20

What are the 4 key terms in reinforcement?

Answer 20

interval: window of time
ratio: # of behavior
fixed: same requirement
variable: on average (changes) - harder to go extinct because it doesn’t happen every time

Question 21

What are the pairing for reinforcements?

Answer 21

• fixed intervals
• fixed ratio
• variable interval
• variable ratio

Question 22

What is latent learning?

Answer 22

when we learn something but don’t show it until we have a reason to use our new knowledge
- mouse that explore the mase is able to get out of it faster then those who have never been in it

Question 23

What are the 4 phases of the bandura observational learning?

Answer 23

1. attention (watching)
2. retention
3. production (learner demonstrates response)
4. motivation (learner’s imitated behavior produces reinforcer)

Question 24

What is the difference between biological preparedness and learned helplessness?

Answer 24

BP - things that pair nicely together - noise and light
LH - stop trying because there is no results - dog and shock example