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Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

What is “bottom up” processing

A

Starts at your toes and goes to brain
Analysis of stimulus begins with the sense receptors and works its way up to the level of the brain and mind

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2
Q

What is top down processing

A

Starts in head, goes to toes
Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes as we construct perceptions
Drawing on experience and expectations

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3
Q

What is absolute threshold

A

Minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

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4
Q

What is subliminal threshold

A

When stimuli are below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

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5
Q

What is priming

A

Using experience to set up for what to expect
Set expectation for something

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6
Q

What is difference threshold

A

Minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for 50% detection, also called just noticeable difference (JND)

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7
Q

What is webers law

A

In order for change to be detected, it must by changed a certain %
2 stimuli must differ by constant minimum %

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8
Q

What are the percentages from webers law

A

Light 8%\
Weight 2%
Tone 3%

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9
Q

What is signal detection theory

A

Prediction of how and when we detect the presence of faint stimulus (signal) amid background noise

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10
Q
A
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11
Q

What is transduction

A

Transforming signals into neural impulses
Information goes from the senses to the thalamus, then to the various areas in the brain

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12
Q

What is sensory adaption

A

Decreased responsiveness to stimuli due to constant stimulation

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13
Q

What are some energy senses

A

Vision, hearing, touch

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14
Q

What are chemical senses

A

Smell and taste

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15
Q

Define vision

A

Most dominant sense

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16
Q

What is another name for vision

A

Visual capture

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17
Q

What is phase 1 of vision

A

Stimulus input: light energy

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18
Q

What are short light wavelengths

A

High frequency (Blue)

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19
Q

What are long light wavelengths

A

Low frequency (reddish)

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20
Q

What gives light its intensity

A

Height of a wave gives us its intensity

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21
Q

What gives light its hue (color)

A

Length of the wave

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22
Q

What is phase 2 of vision

A

Getting the light to the eye

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23
Q

What is the cornea

A

Transparent tissue where light enters eye

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24
Q

What is the iris

A

Muscle that expands and contracts to change the size of the opening (pupil) for light

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25
What is the lens
Focuses the light rays on the retina
26
What is blindspot
Where optic nerve leaves eye
27
What is the fovea
Focal point of retina- tones of cones
28
What is accommodation
Process by which the eyes lens changes shape
29
Define nearsidedness
see near but not far
30
define farsidedness
See far but not near
31
What is phase 3 of vision
Transduction
32
What is the 1st step of activation in vision
Light hits, retina activates Hits cornea and rods (braids together)
33
What is 2nd step of activation in vision
Hits bipolar cells Messenger
34
What is 3rd step os activation in vision
Hits ganglion Braids together within optic nerve
35
What Is the final form of activation sent as to the brain
Neural impulse
36
What are photoreceptors
Cones: color (detail) Rods: outline (shape, low light)
37
What are blindspots
Where optic nerve leaves our eye -> no photoreceptors here
38
What is the order of transduction
Rods/Cones Bipolar cells Ganglion cells Optic nerve
39
Where is the neural impulse from transduction sent
Cerebral cortexes
40
What is the Chiasm
Where optic nerves cross
41
What is phase 4 of vision
In the brain Goes to the visual cortex located in occipital lobe of cerebral cortex Feature detectors (occipital and temporal) Parallel processing (doing all processing)
42
Is the vision process sequential
No
43
What is the trichromatic theory
3 types of colors Red, blue, green 3 cones make millions of colors
44
What does trichromatic theory explain vs. what does it not explain
Does not explain after images Does explain color blindness
45
Where does the trichromatic theory take plave
retina
46
What are the 3 types of color blindness and define them
Monochromatic: everything is gray Dichromatic: two types of cones work Trichromatic: 3 colors work (normal)
47
What is opponent processing theory
3 sensory receptors Red/Green, Yellow/ Blue, Black/ White If one color is stimulated, the other is inhibited
48
What does opponent processing theory argue
Color processing occurs in our retina and thalamus (opponent process theory)
49
How does the transduction of the ear drum processed (format)
Eardrum-> hammer -> anvil -> stirrup -> oval window -> cochlea vibrates
50
What is the cochlea lined with
The cochlea is lined with mucus called basitar membrane
51
What is the basitar membrane
There are hair cells that turn into neural impulses The impulses originate from organ of corti (inside cochlea)
52
What is the organ of corti
Where the impulses originate from
53
Where are the impulses carried during hearing processes
Impulses are carried via auditory nerve to the thalamus
54
Where does transduction happen in the ear
organ of corti
55
What is place theory
Different hairs virbating on the basilar membrane Explains how we hear high pitched sounds
56
What is frequency theory
All the hairs vibrate but at different speeds depending on pitch Volley principle Explains how we hear perceive low-pitched sounds
57
What is the volley principle
Neurons cant fire fast enough at frequencies over 1000 Mhz, so they alternate- like a volley of arrows or gunfire
58
What is deafness
Something goes wrong with the sound and the vibrations on the way to the cochlea
59
What can people do to help with deafness
You can replace the bones or get a hearing aid to help
60
What is nerve deafness
Hair cells in cochlea get damaged Loud noises can cause this type of deafness No way to replace the hairs Cochlea implant is possible
61
What are noriceptors
pain receptors located on our skin
62
What is gate control theory of pain
Small nerve fibers open "pain gate" in our spine and large nerve fibers close the gate (massage, acupuncture, etc)
63
What is pain
pain is a biopsychosocial event nociceptors transmit pain signals to CNS
64
What are papillae
we have bumps on our tongue taste buds are located on the papillae and around our mouths
65
What are the 4 flavors of taste and define them
Sweet: glucose which is converted to energy Salt: hydration Sour: vitamin C Bitter: Warn to not eat Umami: buttery, savory (protein)
66
What is the olfactory sense
Smell Does not go to the thalamus
67
What is the process of smell (format)
nose -> behind eyes -> bulb -> brain
68
What is the bulb
Processes smell
69
What is sensory interaction
taste and smell interact to create flavor
70
What is synasthesia
one sensation produces another hearing a sound and sensing a color Number and taste sensation
71
What is the vestibular sense
tells us where our body is oriented in space Our sense of balance Located in our semi-corcular canals in our ears
72
What is the kinestetic sense
tells us where our body parts go receptors located in our muscles and joints
73
What is perceptual set
A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not the other
74
What is gestalt psychology
Focused on how we group objects together
75
What are the examples of gestalt psychology
proximity similarity continuity closure Rings from olympics (law of progonaz)
76
77
What is perceptual constancy
Perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal image Shape constancy (open/shut door) Size constancy Brightness constancy/Color constancy
78
What is perceived motion
stroboscopic (flip book) Phi Phenomenon (Christmas lights)
79
What is ESP
Controversial claim the perception can occur apart from sensory input
80
What are the types of parapsychology and define them
Telepathy: mind-mind communication Clairvoyance: perception of remote events Precognition: predicts the future Telekinesis: moving objects with mind
81
Does ESP have proof
No
82
What is the mcGurk effect
Seeing overrides what we are hearing
83
What is the McGurk effect an example of
Visual capture
84
What is the Mullar-Lyer illusion
Europeans (westerners) fall victim to this illusion often more than non-westerners
85
What are examples of perceptual organization
Mullar-lyar illusion and moon illusion/ ebbinghaus illusion
86
What is perceptual adaptation
visual ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field Prism goggles drunk goggles cerebellum
87
What is sensory interaction
Rubber hand illusion Seeing is believing
88
What is the stroop effect
this set is most difficult because we process the word and color simultaneously, but the input you receive is not the same
89
Define Depth cues
Elenor Gibson and her visual cliff experiment If you are old enough to crawl you are old enough to perceive depth We perceive depth by using two cues that researchers have put in 2 categories
90
What are the 2 cues for depth
Moncular cues and binocular cues
91
What are monocular cues
one eye linear perspective (horizon is closer) interposition ( one object blocks what's behind) relative size texture gradient: closer objects looks from coarse and objects from afar look smooth Relative clarity: closer objects tend to appear sharper than distant, hazy objects Relative height: things lower on the horizon are perceived as closer Light/ shadow Relative motion: motion paradox
92
What are binocular cues
we need both of our eyes to use these cues retinal disparity: as an object comes closer to us, differences in images between our eyes becomes greater

Psychology (8 decks)

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