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Psychology > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

What is “bottom up” processing

A

Starts at your toes and goes to brain
Analysis of stimulus begins with the sense receptors and works its way up to the level of the brain and mind

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2
Q

What is top down processing

A

Starts in head, goes to toes
Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes as we construct perceptions
Drawing on experience and expectations

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3
Q

What is absolute threshold

A

Minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

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4
Q

What is subliminal threshold

A

When stimuli are below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

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5
Q

What is priming

A

Using experience to set up for what to expect
Set expectation for something

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6
Q

What is difference threshold

A

Minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for 50% detection, also called just noticeable difference (JND)

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7
Q

What is webers law

A

In order for change to be detected, it must by changed a certain %
2 stimuli must differ by constant minimum %

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8
Q

What are the percentages from webers law

A

Light 8%\
Weight 2%
Tone 3%

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9
Q

What is signal detection theory

A

Prediction of how and when we detect the presence of faint stimulus (signal) amid background noise

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10
Q
A
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11
Q

What is transduction

A

Transforming signals into neural impulses
Information goes from the senses to the thalamus, then to the various areas in the brain

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12
Q

What is sensory adaption

A

Decreased responsiveness to stimuli due to constant stimulation

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13
Q

What are some energy senses

A

Vision, hearing, touch

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14
Q

What are chemical senses

A

Smell and taste

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15
Q

Define vision

A

Most dominant sense

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16
Q

What is another name for vision

A

Visual capture

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17
Q

What is phase 1 of vision

A

Stimulus input: light energy

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18
Q

What are short light wavelengths

A

High frequency (Blue)

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19
Q

What are long light wavelengths

A

Low frequency (reddish)

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20
Q

What gives light its intensity

A

Height of a wave gives us its intensity

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21
Q

What gives light its hue (color)

A

Length of the wave

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22
Q

What is phase 2 of vision

A

Getting the light to the eye

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23
Q

What is the cornea

A

Transparent tissue where light enters eye

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24
Q

What is the iris

A

Muscle that expands and contracts to change the size of the opening (pupil) for light

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25
Q

What is the lens

A

Focuses the light rays on the retina

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26
Q

What is blindspot

A

Where optic nerve leaves eye

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27
Q

What is the fovea

A

Focal point of retina- tones of cones

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28
Q

What is accommodation

A

Process by which the eyes lens changes shape

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29
Q

Define nearsidedness

A

see near but not far

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30
Q

define farsidedness

A

See far but not near

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31
Q

What is phase 3 of vision

A

Transduction

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32
Q

What is the 1st step of activation in vision

A

Light hits, retina activates
Hits cornea and rods (braids together)

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33
Q

What is 2nd step of activation in vision

A

Hits bipolar cells
Messenger

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34
Q

What is 3rd step os activation in vision

A

Hits ganglion
Braids together within optic nerve

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35
Q

What Is the final form of activation sent as to the brain

A

Neural impulse

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36
Q

What are photoreceptors

A

Cones: color (detail)
Rods: outline (shape, low light)

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37
Q

What are blindspots

A

Where optic nerve leaves our eye -> no photoreceptors here

38
Q

What is the order of transduction

A

Rods/Cones
Bipolar cells
Ganglion cells
Optic nerve

39
Q

Where is the neural impulse from transduction sent

A

Cerebral cortexes

40
Q

What is the Chiasm

A

Where optic nerves cross

41
Q

What is phase 4 of vision

A

In the brain
Goes to the visual cortex located in occipital lobe of cerebral cortex
Feature detectors (occipital and temporal)
Parallel processing (doing all processing)

42
Q

Is the vision process sequential

A

No

43
Q

What is the trichromatic theory

A

3 types of colors
Red, blue, green
3 cones make millions of colors

44
Q

What does trichromatic theory explain vs. what does it not explain

A

Does not explain after images
Does explain color blindness

45
Q

Where does the trichromatic theory take plave

A

retina

46
Q

What are the 3 types of color blindness and define them

A

Monochromatic: everything is gray
Dichromatic: two types of cones work
Trichromatic: 3 colors work (normal)

47
Q

What is opponent processing theory

A

3 sensory receptors
Red/Green, Yellow/ Blue, Black/ White
If one color is stimulated, the other is inhibited

48
Q

What does opponent processing theory argue

A

Color processing occurs in our retina and thalamus (opponent process theory)

49
Q

How does the transduction of the ear drum processed (format)

A

Eardrum-> hammer -> anvil -> stirrup -> oval window -> cochlea vibrates

50
Q

What is the cochlea lined with

A

The cochlea is lined with mucus called basitar membrane

51
Q

What is the basitar membrane

A

There are hair cells that turn into neural impulses
The impulses originate from organ of corti (inside cochlea)

52
Q

What is the organ of corti

A

Where the impulses originate from

53
Q

Where are the impulses carried during hearing processes

A

Impulses are carried via auditory nerve to the thalamus

54
Q

Where does transduction happen in the ear

A

organ of corti

55
Q

What is place theory

A

Different hairs virbating on the basilar membrane
Explains how we hear high pitched sounds

56
Q

What is frequency theory

A

All the hairs vibrate but at different speeds depending on pitch
Volley principle
Explains how we hear perceive low-pitched sounds

57
Q

What is the volley principle

A

Neurons cant fire fast enough at frequencies over 1000 Mhz, so they alternate- like a volley of arrows or gunfire

58
Q

What is deafness

A

Something goes wrong with the sound and the vibrations on the way to the cochlea

59
Q

What can people do to help with deafness

A

You can replace the bones or get a hearing aid to help

60
Q

What is nerve deafness

A

Hair cells in cochlea get damaged
Loud noises can cause this type of deafness
No way to replace the hairs
Cochlea implant is possible

61
Q

What are noriceptors

A

pain receptors located on our skin

62
Q

What is gate control theory of pain

A

Small nerve fibers open “pain gate” in our spine and large nerve fibers close the gate (massage, acupuncture, etc)

63
Q

What is pain

A

pain is a biopsychosocial event
nociceptors transmit pain signals to CNS

64
Q

What are papillae

A

we have bumps on our tongue
taste buds are located on the papillae and around our mouths

65
Q

What are the 4 flavors of taste and define them

A

Sweet: glucose which is converted to energy
Salt: hydration
Sour: vitamin C
Bitter: Warn to not eat
Umami: buttery, savory (protein)

66
Q

What is the olfactory sense

A

Smell
Does not go to the thalamus

67
Q

What is the process of smell (format)

A

nose -> behind eyes -> bulb -> brain

68
Q

What is the bulb

A

Processes smell

69
Q

What is sensory interaction

A

taste and smell interact to create flavor

70
Q

What is synasthesia

A

one sensation produces another
hearing a sound and sensing a color
Number and taste sensation

71
Q

What is the vestibular sense

A

tells us where our body is oriented in space
Our sense of balance
Located in our semi-corcular canals in our ears

72
Q

What is the kinestetic sense

A

tells us where our body parts go
receptors located in our muscles and joints

73
Q

What is perceptual set

A

A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not the other

74
Q

What is gestalt psychology

A

Focused on how we group objects together

75
Q

What are the examples of gestalt psychology

A

proximity
similarity
continuity
closure
Rings from olympics (law of progonaz)

76
Q
A
77
Q

What is perceptual constancy

A

Perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal image
Shape constancy (open/shut door)
Size constancy
Brightness constancy/Color constancy

78
Q

What is perceived motion

A

stroboscopic (flip book)
Phi Phenomenon (Christmas lights)

79
Q

What is ESP

A

Controversial claim the perception can occur apart from sensory input

80
Q

What are the types of parapsychology and define them

A

Telepathy: mind-mind communication
Clairvoyance: perception of remote events
Precognition: predicts the future
Telekinesis: moving objects with mind

81
Q

Does ESP have proof

A

No

82
Q

What is the mcGurk effect

A

Seeing overrides what we are hearing

83
Q

What is the McGurk effect an example of

A

Visual capture

84
Q

What is the Mullar-Lyer illusion

A

Europeans (westerners) fall victim to this illusion often more than non-westerners

85
Q

What are examples of perceptual organization

A

Mullar-lyar illusion and moon illusion/ ebbinghaus illusion

86
Q

What is perceptual adaptation

A

visual ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field
Prism goggles
drunk goggles
cerebellum

87
Q

What is sensory interaction

A

Rubber hand illusion
Seeing is believing

88
Q

What is the stroop effect

A

this set is most difficult because we process the word and color simultaneously, but the input you receive is not the same

89
Q

Define Depth cues

A

Elenor Gibson and her visual cliff experiment
If you are old enough to crawl you are old enough to perceive depth
We perceive depth by using two cues that researchers have put in 2 categories

90
Q

What are the 2 cues for depth

A

Moncular cues and binocular cues

91
Q

What are monocular cues

A

one eye
linear perspective (horizon is closer)
interposition ( one object blocks what’s behind)
relative size
texture gradient: closer objects looks from coarse and objects from afar look smooth
Relative clarity: closer objects tend to appear sharper than distant, hazy objects
Relative height: things lower on the horizon are perceived as closer
Light/ shadow
Relative motion: motion paradox

92
Q

What are binocular cues

A

we need both of our eyes to use these cues
retinal disparity: as an object comes closer to us, differences in images between our eyes becomes greater

Psychology (8 decks)

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