AP Exam Review

Question 1

Charles Darwin

Answer 1

theory of evolution, survival of the fittest-origin of the species

Question 2

Frances Galton

Answer 2

maintained that personality and ability depend almost entirely on genetic inheritance (human traits are inherited)

Question 3

William Wundt

Answer 3

introspection-psychology became the scientific study of conscious experience (rather than science); father of
modern or scientific psychology; structuralism was the approach and introspection was the methodology

Question 4

John Watson

Answer 4

founder of behaviorism; generalization; applied classical conditioning skills to advertising; most famous for Little
Albert experiment, where he first trained Albert to be afraid of rats and then to generalize his fear to all small, white
animals

Question 5

Alfred Adler

Answer 5

Neo-Freudian; believed that childhood social, not sexual, tensions are crucial for personality formation; believed that
people are primarily searching or self-esteem and achieving the ideal self

Question 6

Carl Jung

Answer 6

disciple of Freud who extended his theories; believed in a collective unconscious as well as a personal unconscious that is
aware of ancient archetypes which we inherit from our ancestors and we see in myths (young warrior, wise man of the
village, loving mother, etc.); coined the terms introversion and extroversion

Question 7

Gordon Allport

Answer 7

three levels of traits– 1. cardinal trait- dominant trait that characterizes your life, 2. central trait- common to all
people, 3. secondary trait- surfaces in some situations and not in others

Question 8

Albert Ellis

Answer 8

father of Rational Emotive Therapy, which focuses on altering client’s patterns of irrational thinking to reduce
maladaptive behavior and emotion (like, “if I fail the AP exam my life will come to an end”)