Chapter 5 Developmental Flashcards
What are stage theorists
psychologists that believe that we travel from stage to stage throughout or lifetime
How do our stages develop through our lifetime
The are like tasks
You must complete a task to pass to the next stage
What is longitudinal study
one group studied over a long period of time
What is cross sectional study
Many groups studied over a short period of time
What is conception
sperm meets the egg
how is a zygote formed
when sperm penetrates the egg
define the first stage of prenatal development
Lasts two weeks
consists of rapid cell division
about 10 days after conception zygote will attach itself to uterine wall
Other half of zygote will turn into placenta
How many zygotes last during the zygote phase
less than half
Define embryo stage
lasts 6 weeks
heart begins to beat and organs begin to develop
Define fetus stage
By 9 weeks a fetus is formed
by 6th month stomach and other organs have formed enough to survive
Baby can hear and recognize sound and respond to light
What are teratogens
chemical agents that harm prenatal environment
what are examples of teratogens
alcohol
HIV
Herpes
Genital warts
Give characteristics of a healthy newborn
Turn head towards voices
see 8-12 inches from face
gaze longer at human like objects right from birth
What is a reflex
involuntary response
What is a newborns reflex
inherited
come and go
What are the 5 types of newborn reflexes
Rooting, sucking, grasping, moro, babinski
Define the rooting reflex
Turn head toward the rubbing on the cheek for food
Define sucking reflex
when something touches babies palate the baby will suck it
Define grapsing reflex
latching onto something in their hand
Define moro reflex
screams and clutches chest when dropped
Define babinski reflex
when babies toes arch and spread out when stroked
What is habituation
decreased response to some stimuli can help measure infant’s memory
Responding less to something I am familiar with
Define maturation in children
physical growth, regardless of environment
Although the timing of our growth may not be different, the sequence is almost the same
Does nurture play a role on maturation
no
Define puberty
period of sexual maturation during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
What are primary sexual characteristics
body structures that make reproduction possible
What are secondary sexual characteristics
non-reproductive characteristics
what are examples of non-reproductive characteristics
widening of hips, body hair, low voice, breast development
What are the females landmark of puberty
menarche
What are the males landmark of puberty
ejaculation
What is schema
method categories for visual images
Mental box
category for what the thing is
ways we interpret the world
more broad categories
when you see something you compare it to schema
What is assimilation
incorporating new experiences into existing schema’s
Bring new (expected) ideas into box
when you first meet someone you will assimilate them into a schema that you already have
Accomodation
changing an existing schema to adopt new information
What did people believe about children before Jean Piaget
It was thought that kids were stupid versions of adults
What did Jean Piaget believe
Kids learn differently than adults
Kids learn in stages
Define Piaget 1st stage of cognitive development: Sensorimotor Stage
0-2
Explore the world through senses
Does not have object permanence
Peek-a-boooo
Define Piaget 2nd stage of cognitive development: Preoperational Stage
2-7
Object permanence
Begins to use language
Egocentric: cannot look through anyone’s eyes except them self
Does not understand concepts of conservation
What is conservation
The idea that a quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance and is part of logical thinking
Define Piaget’s 3rd stage of cognitive development: Concrete operational
7-11
Can demonstrate concept of conservation
Learn to think logically
Define Piaget’s 4th stage of cognitive development: Formal operational stage
12+
Abstract reasoning
Manipulate objects in our minds without seeing them
Hypothesis testing
Trial and error
Meta cognition
Does everyone get to the formal operational stage
No
What was the biggest criticism of Piaget
He underestimated abilities of children
Informational-processing model says children do not learn in stages rather than continual growth
Studies show our attention span grows gradually over time
What is autism spectrum disorder ASD
Neurological and developmental disorder
Begins in childhood and persists throguhout your lifetime
Impaired communication, social interaction, learning, theory of mind
Vaccinations do not cause autism
What is an adolescent personal fable
They often believe they are exceptional, unique, and they often feel their live are more wonderful or more terrible than they actually are
What is temperament
Stable, unchanging disposition that affects behavior
Typically some from infancy through childhood
Biologically inherited
Define the idea of “stranger danger”
Up until about a year infants do not mind strange people
At about a year infants develop stranger anxiety
Define attachment
Most important social construct an infant must develop
Bond with caregiver
Define imprinting
When another animal, person, or thing comes to recognize a parent as an object of trust
Discovered by Lorenz found that some animals form attachments through imprinting
Instinctual
What was Harry Harlow’s scientific experiment on his monkey’s and what did he observe
Harry Harlow used monkey’s to show attachment during the developmental stages
Showed that monkeys needed touch to form attachments
Not just helping maintain basic needs, caregivers also are comfort
In order to form attachment, comfort must be found
Define the critical period
Optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produce proper development.
If the task is not completed in a short time period then it will not happen
What are the effects of those who were deprived of touch when they were a child
They have trouble forming attachments
Define a secure attachment
Upset when mom leaves and is fine when mom comes back
Define insecure attachment
mom leaves versus some comes back and the baby is fine
Define anxious attachment
mom leaves and mom comes back but the baby still cries
Define Authoritarian
Do as I say and not as I do
Controlling
Define Permissive Parent
“Friend” mom
Very lenient
Gives freedom
Define Negligence
No parents are around
Define authoritative
Supportive
Compromise
Who was Erik Erikson
Neo-freudian
Freud influenced his ideas
What did Erik Erickson believe
Thought personality was influenced by experiences with others
How were erikson’s stages formatted
Each stage had a conflict
Define Erik Erikson’s first stage of psycho-social development: Trust vs. Mistrust
Can a baby trust the world to fulfill their needs
Trust or mistrust they develop can carry on with the child for the rest of their lives
Define Erik Erikson’s 2nd stage of psychosocial development: Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt
Toddlers begin to control their bodies (potty training)
Control temper tantrums
Big word is “No”
Control vs. No control
Doubting yourself or being in control
Define erik erikson’s 3rd stage of psychosocial development: Initiative vs. Guilt
Word turns from “no” to “why”
Want to understand the world and ask questions
Is their curiosity encouraged or did their parents shut down the answer
Define erik erikson’s 4th stage of psychosocial: Industry vs. Inferiority
We are evaluated by a formal system of our peers
Do we feel good or bad about our accomplishments
Inferiority complex
Due to inferiority the bully develops
Define erik erikson’s 5th stage of psychosocial development: Identity vs. Role confusion
In our teenage years we try to act out different roles
Who am I? What group do I fit into?
If I do not find myself I may develop into a midlife crisis
Define erik erikson’s 6th stage of psychosocial development: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Have to balance work and relationships
What are my priorities
Define erik erikson’s 7th stage of psychosocial development: Generativity vs. Stagnation
Is everything going as planned
Am I happy with what I created
Mid-life crisis
Define erik erikson’s 8th stage of psychosocial development: Integrity vs. Despair
Look back on life
Was my life meaningful or do I have regret
What did sigmund freud believe
We have a libido (sexual charged energy)
The libido travels to different areas of our body throughout development
What is fixation
Freud said “If we become preoccupied with any one area we have become fixated on it”
Define the 1st stage of freud psychosexual developmental stage: Oral
0-2
Seek pleasure throughout mouths
Babies put everything in their mouths
People fixated in this stage tend to overeat, smoke, or have childhood dependence of things
Define the 2nd stage of freuds psychosexual development: Anal
2-4
Develops during toilet training
Libido focused on controlling waste and expelling waste
Person fixated may become overly controlling (retentive) or out of control (repulsive)
Define the 3rd stage of freuds psychosexual development: Phallic (Genital)
4-7
Children first recognize their gender
causes conflict in families with oedipus and electra complexes
Fixation can cause later problem in relationships
Define oedipus
unconscious competition with dad for mom
Define electra complexes
Unconscious competition with dad for mom
Define 4th stage of freuds psychosexual development: Latency
7-11
libido is hidden
cooties
fixation in this stage could lead to sexual issues
Define 5th stage of freud psychosexual development: True genital
12-death
libido is focused on their genitals
Freud believed fixation on this stage is normal
What created the 5 stages of death
Elizabeth Kubler-Ross
What are Ross’s 5 stages of death
Denial
Bargaining
Anger
Depression
Acceptance
What is crystallized intelligence
Accumulated knowledge
Increases with age
What is Fluid intelligence
Ability to solve problems quickly and think abstractly
Peeks in 20’s and then decreases overtime
What is moral development
3 stage theories created by Lawrence Kohlberg
What is preconventional morality
Morality based on rewards and punishments
If you are rewarded then okay
If you are punished then the act must be wrong
What is conventional morality
Look at morality based on how others see you
If your peers, or society thinks it is wrong, then so do you
What is post-conventional morality
Based on self-defined ethical principles
Your own personal set of morals
What were the criticism’s of Kohlberg’s stages of morality
He only tested on boys
Boys tend to have more absolute value on morality
Girls tend to have situational morality
