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Psychology > Chapter 5 Developmental > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Developmental Flashcards

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1
Q

What are stage theorists

A

psychologists that believe that we travel from stage to stage throughout or lifetime

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2
Q

How do our stages develop through our lifetime

A

The are like tasks
You must complete a task to pass to the next stage

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3
Q

What is longitudinal study

A

one group studied over a long period of time

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4
Q

What is cross sectional study

A

Many groups studied over a short period of time

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5
Q

What is conception

A

sperm meets the egg

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6
Q

how is a zygote formed

A

when sperm penetrates the egg

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7
Q

define the first stage of prenatal development

A

Lasts two weeks
consists of rapid cell division
about 10 days after conception zygote will attach itself to uterine wall
Other half of zygote will turn into placenta

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8
Q

How many zygotes last during the zygote phase

A

less than half

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9
Q

Define embryo stage

A

lasts 6 weeks
heart begins to beat and organs begin to develop

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10
Q

Define fetus stage

A

By 9 weeks a fetus is formed
by 6th month stomach and other organs have formed enough to survive
Baby can hear and recognize sound and respond to light

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11
Q

What are teratogens

A

chemical agents that harm prenatal environment

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12
Q

what are examples of teratogens

A

alcohol
HIV
Herpes
Genital warts

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13
Q

Give characteristics of a healthy newborn

A

Turn head towards voices
see 8-12 inches from face
gaze longer at human like objects right from birth

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14
Q

What is a reflex

A

involuntary response

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15
Q

What is a newborns reflex

A

inherited
come and go

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16
Q

What are the 5 types of newborn reflexes

A

Rooting, sucking, grasping, moro, babinski

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17
Q

Define the rooting reflex

A

Turn head toward the rubbing on the cheek for food

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18
Q

Define sucking reflex

A

when something touches babies palate the baby will suck it

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19
Q

Define grapsing reflex

A

latching onto something in their hand

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20
Q

Define moro reflex

A

screams and clutches chest when dropped

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21
Q

Define babinski reflex

A

when babies toes arch and spread out when stroked

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22
Q

What is habituation

A

decreased response to some stimuli can help measure infant’s memory
Responding less to something I am familiar with

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23
Q

Define maturation in children

A

physical growth, regardless of environment
Although the timing of our growth may not be different, the sequence is almost the same

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24
Q

Does nurture play a role on maturation

A

no

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25
Q

Define puberty

A

period of sexual maturation during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

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26
Q

What are primary sexual characteristics

A

body structures that make reproduction possible

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27
Q

What are secondary sexual characteristics

A

non-reproductive characteristics

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28
Q

what are examples of non-reproductive characteristics

A

widening of hips, body hair, low voice, breast development

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29
Q

What are the females landmark of puberty

A

menarche

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30
Q

What are the males landmark of puberty

A

ejaculation

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31
Q

What is schema

A

method categories for visual images
Mental box
category for what the thing is
ways we interpret the world
more broad categories
when you see something you compare it to schema

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32
Q

What is assimilation

A

incorporating new experiences into existing schema’s
Bring new (expected) ideas into box
when you first meet someone you will assimilate them into a schema that you already have

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33
Q

Accomodation

A

changing an existing schema to adopt new information

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34
Q

What did people believe about children before Jean Piaget

A

It was thought that kids were stupid versions of adults

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35
Q

What did Jean Piaget believe

A

Kids learn differently than adults
Kids learn in stages

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36
Q

Define Piaget 1st stage of cognitive development: Sensorimotor Stage

A

0-2
Explore the world through senses
Does not have object permanence
Peek-a-boooo

37
Q

Define Piaget 2nd stage of cognitive development: Preoperational Stage

A

2-7
Object permanence
Begins to use language
Egocentric: cannot look through anyone’s eyes except them self
Does not understand concepts of conservation

38
Q

What is conservation

A

The idea that a quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance and is part of logical thinking

39
Q

Define Piaget’s 3rd stage of cognitive development: Concrete operational

A

7-11
Can demonstrate concept of conservation
Learn to think logically

40
Q

Define Piaget’s 4th stage of cognitive development: Formal operational stage

A

12+
Abstract reasoning
Manipulate objects in our minds without seeing them
Hypothesis testing
Trial and error
Meta cognition

41
Q

Does everyone get to the formal operational stage

A

No

42
Q

What was the biggest criticism of Piaget

A

He underestimated abilities of children
Informational-processing model says children do not learn in stages rather than continual growth
Studies show our attention span grows gradually over time

43
Q

What is autism spectrum disorder ASD

A

Neurological and developmental disorder
Begins in childhood and persists throguhout your lifetime
Impaired communication, social interaction, learning, theory of mind
Vaccinations do not cause autism

44
Q

What is an adolescent personal fable

A

They often believe they are exceptional, unique, and they often feel their live are more wonderful or more terrible than they actually are

45
Q

What is temperament

A

Stable, unchanging disposition that affects behavior
Typically some from infancy through childhood
Biologically inherited

46
Q

Define the idea of “stranger danger”

A

Up until about a year infants do not mind strange people
At about a year infants develop stranger anxiety

47
Q

Define attachment

A

Most important social construct an infant must develop
Bond with caregiver

48
Q

Define imprinting

A

When another animal, person, or thing comes to recognize a parent as an object of trust
Discovered by Lorenz found that some animals form attachments through imprinting
Instinctual

49
Q

What was Harry Harlow’s scientific experiment on his monkey’s and what did he observe

A

Harry Harlow used monkey’s to show attachment during the developmental stages
Showed that monkeys needed touch to form attachments
Not just helping maintain basic needs, caregivers also are comfort
In order to form attachment, comfort must be found

50
Q

Define the critical period

A

Optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produce proper development.
If the task is not completed in a short time period then it will not happen

51
Q

What are the effects of those who were deprived of touch when they were a child

A

They have trouble forming attachments

52
Q

Define a secure attachment

A

Upset when mom leaves and is fine when mom comes back

53
Q

Define insecure attachment

A

mom leaves versus some comes back and the baby is fine

54
Q

Define anxious attachment

A

mom leaves and mom comes back but the baby still cries

55
Q

Define Authoritarian

A

Do as I say and not as I do
Controlling

56
Q

Define Permissive Parent

A

“Friend” mom
Very lenient
Gives freedom

57
Q

Define Negligence

A

No parents are around

58
Q

Define authoritative

A

Supportive
Compromise

59
Q

Who was Erik Erikson

A

Neo-freudian
Freud influenced his ideas

60
Q

What did Erik Erickson believe

A

Thought personality was influenced by experiences with others

61
Q

How were erikson’s stages formatted

A

Each stage had a conflict

62
Q

Define Erik Erikson’s first stage of psycho-social development: Trust vs. Mistrust

A

Can a baby trust the world to fulfill their needs
Trust or mistrust they develop can carry on with the child for the rest of their lives

63
Q

Define Erik Erikson’s 2nd stage of psychosocial development: Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt

A

Toddlers begin to control their bodies (potty training)
Control temper tantrums
Big word is “No”
Control vs. No control
Doubting yourself or being in control

64
Q

Define erik erikson’s 3rd stage of psychosocial development: Initiative vs. Guilt

A

Word turns from “no” to “why”
Want to understand the world and ask questions
Is their curiosity encouraged or did their parents shut down the answer

65
Q

Define erik erikson’s 4th stage of psychosocial: Industry vs. Inferiority

A

We are evaluated by a formal system of our peers
Do we feel good or bad about our accomplishments
Inferiority complex
Due to inferiority the bully develops

66
Q

Define erik erikson’s 5th stage of psychosocial development: Identity vs. Role confusion

A

In our teenage years we try to act out different roles
Who am I? What group do I fit into?
If I do not find myself I may develop into a midlife crisis

67
Q

Define erik erikson’s 6th stage of psychosocial development: Intimacy vs. Isolation

A

Have to balance work and relationships
What are my priorities

68
Q

Define erik erikson’s 7th stage of psychosocial development: Generativity vs. Stagnation

A

Is everything going as planned
Am I happy with what I created
Mid-life crisis

69
Q

Define erik erikson’s 8th stage of psychosocial development: Integrity vs. Despair

A

Look back on life
Was my life meaningful or do I have regret

70
Q
A
71
Q

What did sigmund freud believe

A

We have a libido (sexual charged energy)
The libido travels to different areas of our body throughout development

72
Q

What is fixation

A

Freud said “If we become preoccupied with any one area we have become fixated on it”

73
Q

Define the 1st stage of freud psychosexual developmental stage: Oral

A

0-2
Seek pleasure throughout mouths
Babies put everything in their mouths
People fixated in this stage tend to overeat, smoke, or have childhood dependence of things

74
Q

Define the 2nd stage of freuds psychosexual development: Anal

A

2-4
Develops during toilet training
Libido focused on controlling waste and expelling waste
Person fixated may become overly controlling (retentive) or out of control (repulsive)

75
Q

Define the 3rd stage of freuds psychosexual development: Phallic (Genital)

A

4-7
Children first recognize their gender
causes conflict in families with oedipus and electra complexes
Fixation can cause later problem in relationships

76
Q

Define oedipus

A

unconscious competition with dad for mom

77
Q

Define electra complexes

A

Unconscious competition with dad for mom

78
Q

Define 4th stage of freuds psychosexual development: Latency

A

7-11
libido is hidden
cooties
fixation in this stage could lead to sexual issues

79
Q

Define 5th stage of freud psychosexual development: True genital

A

12-death
libido is focused on their genitals
Freud believed fixation on this stage is normal

80
Q

What created the 5 stages of death

A

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross

81
Q

What are Ross’s 5 stages of death

A

Denial
Bargaining
Anger
Depression
Acceptance

82
Q

What is crystallized intelligence

A

Accumulated knowledge
Increases with age

83
Q

What is Fluid intelligence

A

Ability to solve problems quickly and think abstractly
Peeks in 20’s and then decreases overtime

84
Q

What is moral development

A

3 stage theories created by Lawrence Kohlberg

85
Q

What is preconventional morality

A

Morality based on rewards and punishments
If you are rewarded then okay
If you are punished then the act must be wrong

86
Q

What is conventional morality

A

Look at morality based on how others see you
If your peers, or society thinks it is wrong, then so do you

87
Q

What is post-conventional morality

A

Based on self-defined ethical principles
Your own personal set of morals

88
Q

What were the criticism’s of Kohlberg’s stages of morality

A

He only tested on boys
Boys tend to have more absolute value on morality
Girls tend to have situational morality

Psychology (8 decks)

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