Leaning

Question 1

Define Learning

Answer 1

Long lasting change due to experience

Question 2

What are the 3 types of learning

Answer 2

classical
operant
observational

Question 3

What is classical conditioning

Answer 3

Created by Ivan Pavlov
Passive learning (no thinking required/automatic)
First thing you need is an unconditional relationship

Question 4

Who was Ivan Pavlov and what did he find

Answer 4

Studied digestion of dogs
found that dogs would salivate when seeing food

Question 5

Steps of classical conditioning

Answer 5

1. have an unconditional relationship
   - Unconditional stimulus (food)
   -Unconditional response (drool)
2. Next find a neutral response
   - Explicits no response (Ex: bell)
3. Present NS with the UCS a lot of times
   - NS and then UCS (order matters)
   - the brain begins to link the NS with UCS
4. At this point the NS turns into a conditioned stimulus and the UCR turns into a conditioned response

Question 6

What is an unconditional stimulus

Answer 6

something that elicits a natural, reflexive response UCS

Question 7

What is an unconditional response

Answer 7

an response to UCS
UCR

Question 8

What is acquisition

Answer 8

we know learning takes place when the previously neutral stimulus elicits a response
Does not last forever

Question 9

What happens when the CS no longer is associated with UCS

Answer 9

Extinction
Loss of link

Question 10

What is spontaneous recovery

Answer 10

sometimes after extinction, the cr still randomly appears after the cs is present

Question 11

What is adverse conditioning

Answer 11

classical conditioning on humans

Question 12

Who used adverse conditioning and what was the experiment

Answer 12

Johnwatson brought classical conditioning to psychology with his baby Albert experiment

Question 13

What is discrimination

Answer 13

something so different to CS so you do not get CR

Question 14

What is generalization

Answer 14

something so familiar to CS that you get CR
Ex: baby Albert generalized his fear of the white rat to anything the color white

Question 15

What is learned taste aversions

Answer 15

food being paired with sickness, conditioning especially strong
Event when food and sickness are hours apart
Food must be salient

Question 16

What is the koeling study

Answer 16

studied rats and how they make associations
some associations seem to be adaptive

Question 17

What is law of effect

Answer 17

behavior changes because of its consequence
rewards strengthen behavior
if consequences are unpleasant, stimulus-reward connection will weaken
“This produces this”

Question 18

Who found law of effect and what was his experiment

Answer 18

Edward Thorndike
Locked cats in a cage
Behaviorist
Called the whole process instrumental learning

Question 19

Who is BF skinner and what is his importance

Answer 19

Father of operant conditioning
Nurture guy through and through
Used skinner boxes to prove concepts

Question 20

What are biological limits on operant conditioning

Answer 20

Operant conditioning can be a great way of getting animals to behave in ways they are biologically predisposed to behave
What they naturally do
Ex: Dogs bark, birds peck,

Question 21

What is a reinforcer

Answer 21

anything that increases behavior

Question 22

What is positive reinforcement

Answer 22

addition of something pleasant (does not mean bad)

Question 23

What is negative reinforcement

Answer 23

Removal of something unpleasant
2 types of NR
- escape learning
- avoidance

Question 24

What is punishment

Answer 24

meant to decrease behavior

Question 25

What is positive punishment

Answer 25

addition of something unpleasent

Question 26

What is negative punishment

Answer 26

removal of something pleasant works best when it is done immediently after the deed

Question 27

What is shaping

Answer 27

REINFORCING SALL STEPS ON THE WAY TO DESIRED BEHAVIOR

Question 28

What are primary reinforcers

Answer 28

things that are in themselves rewarding Ex: football player playing because he loves the sport

Question 29

What is secondary reinforcers

Answer 29

Things we have learned to value Money is a special secondary generalized reinforcers

Question 30

What is the premark principle

Answer 30

You have to take into consideration the reinforcers used Incentives need to be more desirable than the reward

Question 31

What is latent learning

Answer 31

Latent: below or hidden sometimes learning is not immediently evident not showing or doing unless incentive enough

Question 32

Who studied latent learning and what was the experiment

Answer 32

Edward Toleman 3 rat experiment rats needed a reason to display what they had learned

Question 33

What is extrinsic learning

Answer 33

working to perform to avoid punishment

Question 34

What is intristic learning

Answer 34

motivated for sake of personal rewards

Question 35

What is insight learning

Answer 35

"Ah Hah" not taught or shown the answer, but it comes to you after trial/error answer comes to you Ex: Relous puzzles

Question 36

Who studied insight learning in animals

Answer 36

Wolfgang kohler and how chimpanzees Some animals learn through "Ah Hah" experience

Question 37

What is observational learning

Answer 37

we learn through modeling behavior from others observing and imitating

Question 38

Who studied observational learning and what was the experiment

Answer 38

Albert bandora and the bo bo dolls

Question 39

observational learning+ operant conditioning=

Answer 39

social learning theory

Question 40

What are mirror neurons

Answer 40

In the frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when they perform certain actions or observe another doing so Brains mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy

Question 41

What Is prosocial behavior

Answer 41

behavior that is constructive, beneficial, and non-violent. These behaviors can prompt the term "prosocial"

Question 42

What is continuous reinforcement

Answer 42

reinforce behavior every time behavior is exhibited usually done when the subject is 1st learning to make association acquisition comes really fast so does extinction

Question 43

Partial reinforcement

Answer 43

reinforce behavior only some times its exhibited acquisition comes more slowly 4 types

Question 44

Fixed ratio schedule

Answer 44

provides reinforcement after set number of responses

Question 45

Variable ratio schedule

Answer 45

provides a reinforcement after random number of responses very hard to get acquisition but very hard to resist extinction

Question 46

Fixed interval schedule

Answer 46

requires a set amount of time to elapse before giving reinforcement

Question 47

Variable interval schedule

Answer 47

requires random amount of time to elapse before giving reinforcement very hard to get acquisition but also very resistant