Leaning Flashcards
Define Learning
Long lasting change due to experience
What are the 3 types of learning
classical
operant
observational
What is classical conditioning
Created by Ivan Pavlov
Passive learning (no thinking required/automatic)
First thing you need is an unconditional relationship
Who was Ivan Pavlov and what did he find
Studied digestion of dogs
found that dogs would salivate when seeing food
Steps of classical conditioning
- have an unconditional relationship
- Unconditional stimulus (food)
-Unconditional response (drool) - Next find a neutral response
- Explicits no response (Ex: bell) - Present NS with the UCS a lot of times
- NS and then UCS (order matters)
- the brain begins to link the NS with UCS - At this point the NS turns into a conditioned stimulus and the UCR turns into a conditioned response
What is an unconditional stimulus
something that elicits a natural, reflexive response UCS
What is an unconditional response
an response to UCS
UCR
What is acquisition
we know learning takes place when the previously neutral stimulus elicits a response
Does not last forever
What happens when the CS no longer is associated with UCS
Extinction
Loss of link
What is spontaneous recovery
sometimes after extinction, the cr still randomly appears after the cs is present
What is adverse conditioning
classical conditioning on humans
Who used adverse conditioning and what was the experiment
Johnwatson brought classical conditioning to psychology with his baby Albert experiment
What is discrimination
something so different to CS so you do not get CR
What is generalization
something so familiar to CS that you get CR
Ex: baby Albert generalized his fear of the white rat to anything the color white
What is learned taste aversions
food being paired with sickness, conditioning especially strong
Event when food and sickness are hours apart
Food must be salient
What is the koeling study
studied rats and how they make associations
some associations seem to be adaptive
What is law of effect
behavior changes because of its consequence
rewards strengthen behavior
if consequences are unpleasant, stimulus-reward connection will weaken
“This produces this”
Who found law of effect and what was his experiment
Edward Thorndike
Locked cats in a cage
Behaviorist
Called the whole process instrumental learning
Who is BF skinner and what is his importance
Father of operant conditioning
Nurture guy through and through
Used skinner boxes to prove concepts
What are biological limits on operant conditioning
Operant conditioning can be a great way of getting animals to behave in ways they are biologically predisposed to behave
What they naturally do
Ex: Dogs bark, birds peck,
What is a reinforcer
anything that increases behavior
What is positive reinforcement
addition of something pleasant (does not mean bad)
What is negative reinforcement
Removal of something unpleasant
2 types of NR
- escape learning
- avoidance
What is punishment
meant to decrease behavior
What is positive punishment
addition of something unpleasent
What is negative punishment
removal of something pleasant
works best when it is done immediently after the deed
What is shaping
REINFORCING SALL STEPS ON THE WAY TO DESIRED BEHAVIOR
What are primary reinforcers
things that are in themselves rewarding
Ex: football player playing because he loves the sport
What is secondary reinforcers
Things we have learned to value
Money is a special secondary generalized reinforcers
What is the premark principle
You have to take into consideration the reinforcers used
Incentives need to be more desirable than the reward
What is latent learning
Latent: below or hidden
sometimes learning is not immediently evident
not showing or doing unless incentive enough
Who studied latent learning and what was the experiment
Edward Toleman
3 rat experiment
rats needed a reason to display what they had learned
What is extrinsic learning
working to perform to avoid punishment
What is intristic learning
motivated for sake of personal rewards
What is insight learning
“Ah Hah”
not taught or shown the answer, but it comes to you after trial/error
answer comes to you
Ex: Relous puzzles
Who studied insight learning in animals
Wolfgang kohler and how chimpanzees
Some animals learn through “Ah Hah” experience
What is observational learning
we learn through modeling behavior from others
observing and imitating
Who studied observational learning and what was the experiment
Albert bandora and the bo bo dolls
observational learning+ operant conditioning=
social learning theory
What are mirror neurons
In the frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when they perform certain actions or observe another doing so
Brains mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy
What Is prosocial behavior
behavior that is constructive, beneficial, and non-violent. These behaviors can prompt the term “prosocial”
What is continuous reinforcement
reinforce behavior every time behavior is exhibited
usually done when the subject is 1st learning to make association
acquisition comes really fast
so does extinction
Partial reinforcement
reinforce behavior only some times its exhibited
acquisition comes more slowly
4 types
Fixed ratio schedule
provides reinforcement after set number of responses
Variable ratio schedule
provides a reinforcement after random number of responses
very hard to get acquisition but very hard to resist extinction
Fixed interval schedule
requires a set amount of time to elapse before giving reinforcement
Variable interval schedule
requires random amount of time to elapse before giving reinforcement
very hard to get acquisition but also very resistant
