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Psychology > Leaning > Flashcards

Leaning Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Learning

A

Long lasting change due to experience

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of learning

A

classical
operant
observational

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3
Q

What is classical conditioning

A

Created by Ivan Pavlov
Passive learning (no thinking required/automatic)
First thing you need is an unconditional relationship

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4
Q

Who was Ivan Pavlov and what did he find

A

Studied digestion of dogs
found that dogs would salivate when seeing food

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5
Q

Steps of classical conditioning

A
  1. have an unconditional relationship
    - Unconditional stimulus (food)
    -Unconditional response (drool)
  2. Next find a neutral response
    - Explicits no response (Ex: bell)
  3. Present NS with the UCS a lot of times
    - NS and then UCS (order matters)
    - the brain begins to link the NS with UCS
  4. At this point the NS turns into a conditioned stimulus and the UCR turns into a conditioned response
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6
Q

What is an unconditional stimulus

A

something that elicits a natural, reflexive response UCS

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7
Q

What is an unconditional response

A

an response to UCS
UCR

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8
Q

What is acquisition

A

we know learning takes place when the previously neutral stimulus elicits a response
Does not last forever

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9
Q

What happens when the CS no longer is associated with UCS

A

Extinction
Loss of link

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10
Q

What is spontaneous recovery

A

sometimes after extinction, the cr still randomly appears after the cs is present

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11
Q

What is adverse conditioning

A

classical conditioning on humans

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12
Q

Who used adverse conditioning and what was the experiment

A

Johnwatson brought classical conditioning to psychology with his baby Albert experiment

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13
Q

What is discrimination

A

something so different to CS so you do not get CR

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14
Q

What is generalization

A

something so familiar to CS that you get CR
Ex: baby Albert generalized his fear of the white rat to anything the color white

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15
Q

What is learned taste aversions

A

food being paired with sickness, conditioning especially strong
Event when food and sickness are hours apart
Food must be salient

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16
Q

What is the koeling study

A

studied rats and how they make associations
some associations seem to be adaptive

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17
Q

What is law of effect

A

behavior changes because of its consequence
rewards strengthen behavior
if consequences are unpleasant, stimulus-reward connection will weaken
“This produces this”

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18
Q

Who found law of effect and what was his experiment

A

Edward Thorndike
Locked cats in a cage
Behaviorist
Called the whole process instrumental learning

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19
Q

Who is BF skinner and what is his importance

A

Father of operant conditioning
Nurture guy through and through
Used skinner boxes to prove concepts

20
Q

What are biological limits on operant conditioning

A

Operant conditioning can be a great way of getting animals to behave in ways they are biologically predisposed to behave
What they naturally do
Ex: Dogs bark, birds peck,

21
Q

What is a reinforcer

A

anything that increases behavior

22
Q

What is positive reinforcement

A

addition of something pleasant (does not mean bad)

23
Q

What is negative reinforcement

A

Removal of something unpleasant
2 types of NR
- escape learning
- avoidance

24
Q

What is punishment

A

meant to decrease behavior

25
Q

What is positive punishment

A

addition of something unpleasent

26
Q

What is negative punishment

A

removal of something pleasant
works best when it is done immediently after the deed

27
Q

What is shaping

A

REINFORCING SALL STEPS ON THE WAY TO DESIRED BEHAVIOR

28
Q

What are primary reinforcers

A

things that are in themselves rewarding
Ex: football player playing because he loves the sport

29
Q

What is secondary reinforcers

A

Things we have learned to value
Money is a special secondary generalized reinforcers

30
Q

What is the premark principle

A

You have to take into consideration the reinforcers used
Incentives need to be more desirable than the reward

31
Q

What is latent learning

A

Latent: below or hidden
sometimes learning is not immediently evident
not showing or doing unless incentive enough

32
Q

Who studied latent learning and what was the experiment

A

Edward Toleman
3 rat experiment
rats needed a reason to display what they had learned

33
Q

What is extrinsic learning

A

working to perform to avoid punishment

34
Q

What is intristic learning

A

motivated for sake of personal rewards

35
Q

What is insight learning

A

“Ah Hah”
not taught or shown the answer, but it comes to you after trial/error
answer comes to you
Ex: Relous puzzles

36
Q

Who studied insight learning in animals

A

Wolfgang kohler and how chimpanzees
Some animals learn through “Ah Hah” experience

37
Q

What is observational learning

A

we learn through modeling behavior from others
observing and imitating

38
Q

Who studied observational learning and what was the experiment

A

Albert bandora and the bo bo dolls

39
Q

observational learning+ operant conditioning=

A

social learning theory

40
Q

What are mirror neurons

A

In the frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when they perform certain actions or observe another doing so
Brains mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy

41
Q

What Is prosocial behavior

A

behavior that is constructive, beneficial, and non-violent. These behaviors can prompt the term “prosocial”

42
Q

What is continuous reinforcement

A

reinforce behavior every time behavior is exhibited
usually done when the subject is 1st learning to make association
acquisition comes really fast
so does extinction

43
Q

Partial reinforcement

A

reinforce behavior only some times its exhibited
acquisition comes more slowly
4 types

44
Q

Fixed ratio schedule

A

provides reinforcement after set number of responses

45
Q

Variable ratio schedule

A

provides a reinforcement after random number of responses
very hard to get acquisition but very hard to resist extinction

46
Q

Fixed interval schedule

A

requires a set amount of time to elapse before giving reinforcement

47
Q

Variable interval schedule

A

requires random amount of time to elapse before giving reinforcement
very hard to get acquisition but also very resistant

Psychology (8 decks)

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