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AP psychology > sensation and perception > Flashcards

sensation and perception Flashcards

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1
Q

bottom-up processing

A

begins with the sensory receptors and then goes to the brain

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2
Q

top-down processing

A

processing the sensory information by interpreting it through perosn experience and expectations

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3
Q

selective attention

A

the ability to focus on just stimuli we decide is important

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4
Q

cocktail party effect

A

when we are able to focus on just one thing in an overcrowded place

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5
Q

inattentional blindness

A

when we are extremely cocnentrated on a particular part that we miss something completely obvious in our surroundings

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6
Q

Change blindness

A

we are so focus on one thing that we fail to notice little changes in our environment

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7
Q

three steps of all sensory systems

A

recieve, transform information into neural impulses, deliver to the brain

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8
Q

tranduction

A

the rpocess of translatting physical energy into electromechanical one

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9
Q

absolute threshold

A

the minimum stimualtion needed to detect a stimulus

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10
Q

difference threshold

A

the minimum stimulus difference a aperson can detect

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11
Q

perceptual set

A

set of mental tendencies and assumptions that infleucne our sensory interpretation

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12
Q

sensory adaptation

A

temporary resistance to a stimuli, we become less sensitive to it

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13
Q

habituation

A

long-lasting resistanece to a stimuli

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14
Q

wavelenght

A

the distance from one peak to another, determines hue and color (light waves)

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15
Q

Amplitude

A

the height of the wave, determines intensity (light waves)

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16
Q

visual information journey

A

cornea - pupil - iris - trnasparent lens - retina

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17
Q

accomodation

A

the lens adjusts its thickness and curviture to focus on something far away or close to us

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18
Q

How does retina process light?

A

it covnerts light particles into neural impulses nad sends those to the brain

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19
Q

blind spot

A

where the optical nerve leaves the eye

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20
Q

rods

A

retina’s outer regions, eable seeing in balck and white

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21
Q

cones

A

in and around fovea (retina’s central focus area), enable to see colors and details

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22
Q

trichometry theory

A

every color is composed of three primary colors, the eye has the rceptors for only these three colors

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23
Q

color blindness

A

a person doesn’t see a certain cloro becuase they are missing on or more types of cones

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24
Q

opponent-process theroy

A

color vision depends on sets of opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black)

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25
Q

afterimages

A

an image that is reatined in the eye after a stimula has ceased

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26
Q

parallel processing

A

our brain multitasking while processing visual information

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27
Q

figure-ground principle

A

seperarting the object from its background

28
Q

Proximity principle

A

grouping figures that are close to eachother together

29
Q

Continuity principle

A

we see things as a smooth constinuous pattern rather than a discontinued one

30
Q

closure principle

A

we fill in gaps in objects to create a whole

31
Q

binocular cues

A

thanks to hte fact that we have two eys we see everything from two points of views

32
Q

retinal disparity

A

comparing the two images from the two eyes

33
Q

convergence

A

the inward angle of the eyes focusing on one object

34
Q

relative height

A

taller part of the image is further away

35
Q

relative size

A

we assume that smaller objects aree further away and bigger objects closer

36
Q

interposition

A

an obejct that blocks the view of another is closer to us

37
Q

relative motion

A

when we move it may appear that the objects that are in fact stable move as well

38
Q

linear perspective

A

when parallel lines seemingly get closer it is a measure of distance

39
Q

light and shadow

A

where there is shadow that part is deeper/further away from us

40
Q

stroboscopic movement

A

many still images right after eachother create the illiusion of movement

41
Q

phi phenomenon

A

when there are two lightbulbs next to each other taking turns bliking we are more likely to see it as one light moving

42
Q

color constancy

A

familiar obejcts have constant color although illumination may affect it

43
Q

brightness constancy

A

familiar obejcts have constant brightness although illumination may affect it

44
Q

Relative luminance

A

the amount of light an obejct reflects is relative to its surroundings

45
Q

shape constancy

A

shape of familiar objects is constant despite our angle saying otherwise

46
Q

size constancy

A

shape of familiar objects is constant despite our angle saying otherwise

47
Q

Muller-lyyer illusion

A

Our perception gets exaggerated depending on the lines at the end getting smaller or bigger.

48
Q

moon illusion

A

the moon changes its size depending on its position on the horizon

49
Q

motion illusion

A

animation

50
Q

Ponzo illusion

A

The perception of size gets confused because of the converging lines in the picture.

51
Q

Ames room

A

the room is built that one side Is close to the peep hole than the other and then people stand in both corners and the on the closer corners seem a lot larger than the on the further corner.

52
Q

impossible illusion

A

our brains get so confused by weirdly drawn lines that it cannot create a 3D image

53
Q

aplitude of sound

A

affects loudness

54
Q

frequency of sound

A

affects pitch

55
Q

the journey of sound

A

pinna - eardrum - middle ear - cochlea - inner ear - oval window - basilar membrane (hair cells). ajacent nerve - auditory nerve - auditory cortex

56
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

damage to cochlea’s hair receptors, can hear sounds but can’t tell what someone is saying

57
Q

conduction hearing loss

A

damage to the machanical system (eardrum, middle ear bones)

58
Q

place theory

A

differnent putches trigger differnet places on the cochlea’s membrane. Place recognizes pithces by the areas activated

59
Q

frequency theory

A

monitoring the frequency of the signals coming up the auditory nerve (only 1000 times per second)

60
Q

Volley theory

A

place and frequency theory together, a gorup of nerves cooperates to reach a higher pitch than 1000Hz

61
Q

skin sensations

A

pressure, warmth, cold and pain

62
Q

gate control theory

A

there is a neurological gate in the spinal cord that can control the transmission of pain to the brain

63
Q

5 basic tastes

A

sweet salty, sour, bitter, umami

64
Q

taste journey

A

receptor cell - matching partenr cell - temporal lobe

65
Q

smell journey

A

olfactory receptor cell - olfactory bulb - olfactory cortex - parts of the limibic system

66
Q

kinesthetic sense

A

our movement sense, where certain body parts are located

AP psychology (8 decks)

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