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AP psychology > learning > Flashcards

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1
Q

classical conditioning

A

learning to predict and expect an event by associating a stimuli to it

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2
Q

Operant conditioning

A

produced by learning concenquences to behaviors

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3
Q

Observational learning

A

learning by repeating what we saw

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4
Q

Unconditioned response (UR)

A

a reaction that happens naturally

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5
Q

Uncoditioned stimulus (US)

A

a stimuli that naturally triggers UR

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6
Q

neutral stimulus (NR)

A

has no reaction before conditioning

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7
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

the elarned response to NS

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8
Q

conditioned stimuli (CS)

A

NS after conditioning

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9
Q

acquistion

A

initial stfe of conditioned learning (NS gets connecte to US)

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10
Q

higher order conditioning

A

when NS becomes CS without the need for US

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11
Q

Extinction

A

when CS keeps appearing without the US, so CR disappears

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12
Q

spontaneus recovery

A

when CR comes back after a pause

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13
Q

Generalization

A

the tendency to get CR to other stimuli than the CS

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14
Q

discrimination

A

ability to tell apart CS from the other irrelavant stimuli

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15
Q

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

A

actions followed by positive concenquences are likely to be repeated while those followed by negative concenquences are not

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16
Q

shaping

A

gradually changing a behavior using reward. The student doens’t need to succeed they can just get closer to succeeding

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17
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

stimulus that triggers reaction after reinforcement

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18
Q

positive reinforcement

A

presnets a pleasurable stimulus right after behavior

19
Q

nehative reinforcment

A

taking away an unpleasurable stimulus after the behavior

20
Q

primary reinforcement

A

innately reinforcing stimulus that satidcies the subject’s biological need

21
Q

Conditioned

A

uses primary reinforcement

22
Q

fixed ration

A

Reinforcing behavior after a specific number of responses

23
Q

variable-ratio

A

Reinforcing behavior after an unknown number of responses – keeps things interesting

24
Q

fixed-interval

A

Reinforce behaviour after a fixed amount of time

25
Q

Variable-interval

A

Reinforcing behaviour after varying time intervals

26
Q

punishment

A

to decrease a behavior

27
Q

positive punishment

A

give an aversive stimuli

28
Q

Negative punishment

A

taking away a pleasurable stimuli

29
Q

token economy

A

A program where individuals are given tokens for each success, which they can later exchange for a gift or some kind of a bigger reward.

30
Q

Applied behavior Analysis

A

big challenging tasks are broken down into more managable ones and after each chunk there is a reward

31
Q

biofeedback

A

using machines to givem infromation about their physiological funtions and learning how to control them

32
Q

Neurofeedback

A

attempts to change the brainwaves pof the patient (OCD, epilepsy)

33
Q

bilogical preparedness

A

every species is bilogiccally ready to learn

34
Q

instincitve drift

A

tendency of a CS to become ineffective and the animal returning to its instinctual behaviors.

35
Q

cognitive maps

A

mental pictures that ease the recalling of locations and the attributed of a physical environment

36
Q

instinsic motivation

A

when the motivation comes from within the person, they do it for themselves

37
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

whne the motivation comes ftom the outside (money etc.)

38
Q

problemfocused strategy

A

when we believe we can solve the situation so we remain calm and rational

39
Q

emotion-focused strategy

A

whne we don’t beleive we can solve the issue, we start to deal with our emotions rather than the problem

40
Q

internal lotus of control

A

I have completel over my life and destiny

41
Q

external lotus of control

A

i have very little control over my life and destiny, outside froces have the power

42
Q

prosocial behavior

A

behaviors that are pisitive and helpful

43
Q

antisocial behavior

A

behaviors that are negative and unhelpful

AP psychology (8 decks)

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