learning Flashcards
classical conditioning
learning to predict and expect an event by associating a stimuli to it
Operant conditioning
produced by learning concenquences to behaviors
Observational learning
learning by repeating what we saw
Unconditioned response (UR)
a reaction that happens naturally
Uncoditioned stimulus (US)
a stimuli that naturally triggers UR
neutral stimulus (NR)
has no reaction before conditioning
Conditioned response (CR)
the elarned response to NS
conditioned stimuli (CS)
NS after conditioning
acquistion
initial stfe of conditioned learning (NS gets connecte to US)
higher order conditioning
when NS becomes CS without the need for US
Extinction
when CS keeps appearing without the US, so CR disappears
spontaneus recovery
when CR comes back after a pause
Generalization
the tendency to get CR to other stimuli than the CS
discrimination
ability to tell apart CS from the other irrelavant stimuli
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
actions followed by positive concenquences are likely to be repeated while those followed by negative concenquences are not
shaping
gradually changing a behavior using reward. The student doens’t need to succeed they can just get closer to succeeding
discriminative stimulus
stimulus that triggers reaction after reinforcement
positive reinforcement
presnets a pleasurable stimulus right after behavior
nehative reinforcment
taking away an unpleasurable stimulus after the behavior
primary reinforcement
innately reinforcing stimulus that satidcies the subject’s biological need
Conditioned
uses primary reinforcement
fixed ration
Reinforcing behavior after a specific number of responses
variable-ratio
Reinforcing behavior after an unknown number of responses – keeps things interesting
fixed-interval
Reinforce behaviour after a fixed amount of time
Variable-interval
Reinforcing behaviour after varying time intervals
punishment
to decrease a behavior
positive punishment
give an aversive stimuli
Negative punishment
taking away a pleasurable stimuli
token economy
A program where individuals are given tokens for each success, which they can later exchange for a gift or some kind of a bigger reward.
Applied behavior Analysis
big challenging tasks are broken down into more managable ones and after each chunk there is a reward
biofeedback
using machines to givem infromation about their physiological funtions and learning how to control them
Neurofeedback
attempts to change the brainwaves pof the patient (OCD, epilepsy)
bilogical preparedness
every species is bilogiccally ready to learn
instincitve drift
tendency of a CS to become ineffective and the animal returning to its instinctual behaviors.
cognitive maps
mental pictures that ease the recalling of locations and the attributed of a physical environment
instinsic motivation
when the motivation comes from within the person, they do it for themselves
Extrinsic motivation
whne the motivation comes ftom the outside (money etc.)
problemfocused strategy
when we believe we can solve the situation so we remain calm and rational
emotion-focused strategy
whne we don’t beleive we can solve the issue, we start to deal with our emotions rather than the problem
internal lotus of control
I have completel over my life and destiny
external lotus of control
i have very little control over my life and destiny, outside froces have the power
prosocial behavior
behaviors that are pisitive and helpful
antisocial behavior
behaviors that are negative and unhelpful
