cognitive psychology

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

learning that persists over time through the encoding, storage and retrieval of information

Question 2

recall

Answer 2

recalling information that you have learned before but may not consciously remember

Question 3

recognition

Answer 3

identifying things we have already learned

Question 4

relearning

Answer 4

learning something again becasue we forgot it

Question 5

information processing

Answer 5

sensory memory - shortterm memory - longterm memory

Question 6

parallel processing

Answer 6

brain uses connectionism memories are an interconnected neural network and we activate sepcific emmeories when we need them

Question 7

memory stages by Atkinson and Shiffrin

Answer 7

sensory information - decide wha is importantn and what is not important - shorterm memory - longterm memory - retrieve if necessary

Question 8

working memory

Answer 8

memory being actively used to assess a situation

Question 9

explicit memory

Answer 9

what we consciously remember and consciously try to remember

Question 10

implicit memory

Answer 10

things we unconsciously remeber and put not effort in remembering

Question 11

procedural memory

Answer 11

memory for our basic skills

Question 12

iconic memory

Answer 12

short-term, maintaining a memroy of an obejct/scene even after it ceased

Question 13

echoic memory

Answer 13

remembering what we have learned, short-term

Question 14

information about short-term memory

Answer 14

7 pieces of information, 12 seconds, Miller, Petersons

Question 15

chunking

Answer 15

organizing items into groups that we are capabel of comprehending

Question 16

mnemonics

Answer 16

uses strong imagery to remeber things. we are more likely to remember strong mental images

Question 17

hierarchies

Answer 17

organizing topics into hierarchical groups

Question 18

spacing effect

Answer 18

distributing the process of emmoerizing, don’t memorize it all at once

Question 19

testing effect

Answer 19

repeated self-testing can increare our memory

Question 20

shallow processing

Answer 20

focuses on the simple and elementary level of things, such as letters or the word’s sound

Question 21

deep processing

Answer 21

focuses more on the meaning of the words etc. questions targetting this processing are more likely to lead to remembering

Question 22

self-reference effect

Answer 22

we are more likely to rmemebr things that interest us

Question 23

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 23

repeatedly moving information from long-term memory to short-term memory to remember better

Question 24

elaboration

Answer 24

attaching importance to an information

Question 25

semantic memory

Answer 25

memory of facts and general knowledge

Question 26

episodic memory

Answer 26

memory of experiences and events

Question 27

hippocampus and memory

Answer 27

it is like a safe button, it processes explicit memories and later sends it other brain regions (aka memory consolidation)

Question 28

cerebellum and memories

Answer 28

creating and storin ģ memories that happened because of classsicak conditioning

Question 29

basal ganglia and memory

Answer 29

easing the creation of procedural memories

Question 30

flashbulub memories

Answer 30

strong emotinal experiences create strong memories

Question 31

retrieval cues

Answer 31

minor associations to main memory

Question 31

retrieval cues

Answer 31

minor associations to main memory

Question 32

priming

Answer 32

The unconscious activations of associations which can affect what we hear or see.

Question 33

context-dependent memory

Answer 33

if we go back to a place we experienced a memory in, upon vivisitng it we are likely to remember that memory

Question 34

state-depndant memory

Answer 34

when we get in the same state of mind that we were in when we experienced a memory we are more likely to remember it

Question 35

serial position effect

Answer 35

we remember the last and first thing the best out of a series of things

Question 36

mood-congruent memory

Answer 36

when we are in the same mood as we were when experiencing the memory, we are more likely to remember it

Question 37

anterograde amnesia

Answer 37

inability to form new explixit memory

Question 38

retrograde amnesia

Answer 38

the inablitiy to remember memories stored in long-term memory

Question 39

tip-of-the-tounge phenomenon

Answer 39

when we remember everything lese except from what we want to remember

Question 40

autobiographical memory

Answer 40

we forget infromation that isn't relevant to us anymore

Question 41

encoding failure

Answer 41

when information we recieve from the outside fails to get stored in our memory

Question 42

storage decay

Answer 42

overtime memories fade as we use them less

Question 43

proactive interference

Answer 43

when something we have learned in the past makes it hard for us to learn something new

Question 44

retroactive interference

Answer 44

when something we have learned now stops us from remembering something we have learned in the past

Question 45

repression

Answer 45

we consciously forget memories that are too painful to remember

Question 46

misinformation effect

Answer 46

when our memories are altered with misleading wuestions or just people interfering with our memories

Question 47

source amnesia

Answer 47

not remembering where or from whom we elarned said information

Question 48

prototype

Answer 48

helps create concepts, a mental image or an example of a category

Question 49

creativity

Answer 49

the abiltiy to produce ideas that are both nvoel and valuable

Question 50

convergent thinking

Answer 50

the ability to provide one correct answer

Question 51

divergent thinking

Answer 51

the ability to consider many view points when answering a question

Question 52

trial and error

Answer 52

keep failing until you succeed

Question 53

algorithms

Answer 53

step-by-step recipes that are guaranteed to work

Question 54

heuristics

Answer 54

short-cuts to solving problems

Question 55

insight

Answer 55

a sudden realization of a possible solution

Question 56

confirmation bias

Answer 56

we will rather try to find that we are right than try to prove that we are wrong

Question 57

fixation

Answer 57

when we are set on a pint of view we are unlikely to change it

Question 58

mental set

Answer 58

using ideas/procedures that have worked for us before when solving new problems

Question 59

availibilty heuristic

Answer 59

Estimating an event’s likelihood based on its mental availability (bright colors, loud noises etc.)

Question 60

representative heuristic

Answer 60

Assuming a likelihood of something happening by their similarity to a prototype.

Question 61

belief perservacne

Answer 61

the tendency to believe we are right even after being proven worng over and over again

Question 62

framing

Answer 62

the way we percieve something

Question 63

phonenes

Answer 63

smalles distinctive sounds ina language

Question 64

morphemes

Answer 64

smallest units of a lanuguage that carry meaning

Question 65

morphemes

Answer 65

smallest units of a lanuguage that carry meaning

Question 66

grammar

Answer 66

language's set of rules

Question 67

earlier babling stage

Answer 67

4 months, sounds don't resemble a language, they are usually associated with food

Question 68

later babling stage

Answer 68

10 motnhs old, popel. that are used it can start identifying meanings

Question 69

one-word stage

Answer 69

1 year old, are able to identify objects

Question 70

two-word/telegraphic stage

Answer 70

2 years old, two-word sentences

Question 71

Wernicke's area

Answer 71

understanding words

Question 72

linguistic determinism

Answer 72

Whorf, language shapes our believes

Question 73

Sperman's theroy of intelligence

Answer 73

one general inteligence that takes care of everything, if one person exceeded in one area they would exceed in other areas as well (factor analysis)

Question 74

L.L. Thirstone's theroy of intelligence

Answer 74

7 primary mental abilities /word fluency, verbal comprehesnion, spatial ability, preceptual speed, nuemrical ability, inductive reasoning, memory)

Question 75

8/9Frdne's theory of multiple intelligences

Answer 75

8/9, you can be good at something and terrible at something else

Question 76

Sterneberg's three intelligences

Answer 76

analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, practical intelligence

Question 77

emotional intelligence

Answer 77

Perceiving, understanding, managing and using.

Question 78

achievement test

Answer 78

to find out what you have learned

Question 79

Aptitude test

Answer 79

to find out how likely you are to learn something

Question 80

mental age

Answer 80

an IQ score typical of a specific age group

Question 81

IQ

Answer 81

intelligence quotient, 85-115

Question 82

standardization

Answer 82

giving the test to a pretes gorup beforehand

Question 83

reliabiltiy

Answer 83

How the test is reliable depends on the consistent results of the participants that are tested in two halves of the test.

Question 84

Validity

Answer 84

The extent to which the test measures and predict what it is mean to predict and measure.

Question 85

crystilized intelligence

Answer 85

gain from experienceand learning

Question 86

fluid intelligence

Answer 86

the abiltiy to solve problems and think creatively

Question 87

crosssectional

Answer 87

taking people from a youngage grou group and comparing them wiht a old-age group

Question 88

Longtitual

Answer 88

a group of people being observed over time

Question 89

intellectual disability

Answer 89

a very low score on the IQ test, difficulty adapting to everyday life and living an independent life

Question 90

Test-retest

Answer 90

testing the same group twice and comparing

Question 91

Split-half

Answer 91

comparing results on the first and second half of the test

Question 92

Alternative form

Answer 92

two different versions are given to the same people

Question 93

Content validity

Answer 93

to what extent does the test test what it is meant to be testing

Question 94

Criterion validity

Answer 94

How much do the results correlate with other accepted measures of what is being tested.

Question 95

Predictive validity

Answer 95

How well can the test predict future behavior

Question 96

Face validity

Answer 96

Is the test testing what it’s mean to be testing or is it testing something else?