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AP psychology > biological basis for psychology > Flashcards

biological basis for psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

sensory neurons

A

transport information from the body’s tissues and sensory organs to the brain

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2
Q

motor neurons

A

transport information from the brain to the body’s tissues

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3
Q

interneurons

A

connects motor and snesory neurons (basically the brain)

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4
Q

cell body

A

operational center of the cell, nucleus is here

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5
Q

dendrite

A

recieves the infromation and sends it to the cell body

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6
Q

axon

A

passes the onfromation from the cell body to other neurons, muscles or glands

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7
Q

myslin sheet

A

insulates the neuron and speeds up the impulses

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8
Q

terminal buttons

A

at the end of the terminal branches of the axon, releases neurotransmitters

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9
Q

vesicles

A

contains neurotransmitter

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10
Q

synapse

A

the space between two neurons

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11
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps between the myelin sheet, where sodium and patassium ions go through during an action potential

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12
Q

action potential

A

neural impulse that travels down the axel

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13
Q

excitory impulse

A

tells the neuron to keep going

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14
Q

refractory impulse

A

treis to stop the neuron from doing anything

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15
Q

all-or-none response

A

all action potentials are the smae strength, it etiher happens completely or it doens’t happen at all.

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16
Q

agonist

A

like like a neurotransmitter (opium, heroin)

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17
Q

antagonist

A

blocks a neurotransmitter (botulin, curare)

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18
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord, recieves information from the PNS and processess it

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19
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Connects CNS ti the rest of the body, somatic and automatic

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20
Q

Automatic Nervous system (ANS)

A

actionas that we ahv eno control over (heartbeat, breathing etc.)

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21
Q

Somatic Nervous system (SNS)

A

actions we have control over (movements, some reactions etc.)

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22
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

trigger the body’s fight-or-flight response, it arouses the body with hromones etc.

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23
Q

parasympathetic nerovus system

A

calms the body down after a fightor-flight response

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24
Q

information pathway

A

sensory neurons - interneurons - motor neurons

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25
Q

endocrine system

A

uses hormones, slower than NS

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26
Q

adrenal gland

A

prepares the body for flight-or fight, adrenaline, noradrenaline

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27
Q

pituitary gland

A

in charge of all other glands, orgasm, breastfeeding, labor contractions growth hormones, oxytocin

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28
Q

pineal gland

A

when we go to sleep and when we wake up, melatonin

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29
Q

pancreas

A

regualtes blood sugar, insulin

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30
Q

thyroid gland

A

regulating metabolism, affects weight, thyroxin

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31
Q

gonads gland

A

regualtes reproduction and sexual behavior, estrogen, androgen

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32
Q

EEG

A

records brain waves that are created by the electrical activity

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33
Q

MEG

A

studies magnetic field of our brains

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34
Q

CT

A

X-ray picture of the brain

35
Q

PET

A

show’s the glucose consumption of certain brain regions

36
Q

MRI

A

detailed image of the soft tissue in the brain

37
Q

fMRI

A

measure the blood flow to certain brian regions

38
Q

brainstem (Medulla)

A

controls hearbeat and breathing (extension of the spinal cord), a cross point for the onformation between the left and right hemisphere

39
Q

thalamus

A

sensory center, recieves from all sense except smell, doens’t process the infromaation, link between medulla and higher brain regions

40
Q

reticulatr formation

A

between thamalus and spinal cord, responsible for arousal

41
Q

cerebellum (little brain)

A

nonverbal learning, skill memory, modulating emotions, differentiating textures and sounds, helps with coluntary movement

42
Q

amygdala

A

triggers fear and agression

43
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls, hunger, thirst, body temeprature and sexual behavior (part of the ES)

44
Q

hippocampus

A

processes conscious and explicit memories

45
Q

basal ganglia

A

planning and initiating movement

46
Q

cerebrum

A

majority of the brain, enables percieving, thinking and speaking

47
Q

frotnal lobe

A

rational thoughts, some speech, developing an dacting on pkans, problem solving, working memory, decision-making

48
Q

parietal lobe

A

where things are lcated around us, partially for sense of touch

49
Q

occipital lobe

A

sense of vision and visula processing

50
Q

temporal lobe

A

memory, recognizing detailed pbejcts (faces), auditory infromation (only in the left lobe)

51
Q

motor cortex

A

takes care of movement, movements of the right side of the body get processed in the left lobe

52
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

in the parietal lobe, skins senses and the information about the mvoemenet of body parts

53
Q

visual cortex

A

occipiital lobe, recieves eformation straight from the eye

54
Q

auditory cortex

A

temporal lobe, takes care of hearing

55
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

plannign, judgment, processing new memories

56
Q

Broca’s area

A

controls mouth mouscels that help us speak

57
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

decodes words and sentences, interprets spoken and written language

58
Q

corpus callosum

A

transports messages between the two hemispheres

59
Q

left hemisphere

A

right side body movements, analyzing details, math spoken language, logic, reading, written language

60
Q

right hemisphere

A

left side movments, processing the whole music and art, noneverbal language, emotions, visualspacial perception), pattern and facial recognition

61
Q

cicardian rythm

A

body temperature’s rhythm, effects ouzr sleeping cycle and best performance time

62
Q

NREM-1

A

unaware that we are asleep, disconnected from the outside world, halluciantions, hynagogic snesntation (falling, floating etc.)

63
Q

NREM-2

A

bursts of brain activity, easily woken up, 20min

64
Q

NREM-3

A

deep sleep, slow delta waves, hard to wake up, 30min

65
Q

REM

A

return from NREM-3 through NREM-2, very active brain, fast hear beat, periodical eye movement

66
Q

Insomina

A

problems with falling and staying asleep, older adults

67
Q

Narcolepsy

A

attack of overwhelming sleepiness, sometimes passsing out, 1/2000 adults

68
Q

Sleep apnea

A

people stop breathing whe asleep, snoring, 1/20 people that nore and/or are obese

69
Q

Night terrors

A

sleep walking/talking, doubled heart and breathing rates, children

70
Q

sleep walking/talking

A

sleeping or walking during sleep, has no recolection, children

71
Q

freud’s wish-fulfillment

A

dreams are a way to safelydischarge our deepest wishes and desires

72
Q

information processing purpose of dreams

A

dreams help sort out and make sense of the day

73
Q

physiological purpose of dreams

A

provides brain with periodical stimulation, expands and perserves neural pathways

74
Q

activation-synthesis

A

the brain attempts to synthesize random neural activites (during dreaming)

75
Q

congitive development (dreams)

A

dreams simulate reality by using the knowledge of the world around us

76
Q

tolerance

A

needing to use more and more to fullfill needs

77
Q

addiction

A

uncontrolable urge to use a drug, craving

78
Q

behavior addictions

A

addiction to not drugs but behaviors like sex, gambling etc.

79
Q

manifest content of dreams

A

the content we remember

80
Q

latent content of dreams

A

the content of the dremas we do not remebr, is symbolized in the manifest content

81
Q

activation-synthesis theory

A

dreams are just another way of thinking

82
Q

AIM theory

A

dreams are a way of making up stories about the events of the day

83
Q

Reuptake inhibitor

A

drugs that block the reuptake of excess neurotransmitters in synapses

AP psychology (8 decks)

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