Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Psychology > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

sensation

A

the process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment and transforming those energies into neural energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

perception

A

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information so that it makes sense (meaningful)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

bottom-up processing

A

-sensation
-happens in the eyes
-sensory receptors take in every little detail occurring in a situation and send it up to the brain for interpretation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

top-down processing

A

-perception
-occurs in the brain
-easily recognizable, ex. I hear one word from a song and I immediately know that it is pitbull singing and that I love that song

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

sensory receptors

A

specialized cells that detect stimulus information and transmit it to sensory (affluent) nerves and the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

photoreception

A

direction of light, perceieved as sight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

mechanoreception

A

detection of pressure, vibration, and movement, perceived as touch, hearing, and equillibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

chemoreception

A

detection of chemical stimuli perceived as smell and taste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

absolute threshold

A

the minimum amount of stimulus energy that a person can detect
-candle 30 mi. away 50% of the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

noise

A

competing stimuli, anything that is in the way (distracting stimuli)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

difference threshold

A

the degree of difference that must exist between two stimuli before the difference is detected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

weber’s law

A

the rinciple that two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) to be perceives as different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

subliminal perception

A

the detection of information below the level of conscious awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

signal detection theory

A

an approach to perception that focuses on decision making about stimuli under conditions of uncertainty
-TSA checking bags (what causes them to not get a HIT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

attention

A

the processing of focusing awareness on a narrow aspect of the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

selective attention

A

the act of focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

perceptual set

A

a predisposition or readiness to perceive something in a particular way
-reflect top-down processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

sensory adaptation

A

a change in the responsiveness of the sensory system based on the average level of surrounding stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

sclera

A

the white outer part of the eye that helps maintain shape of the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

iris

A

colored part of the eyes, muscles from it help to contract and dilate the pupil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

pupil

A

opening in the eye; allows for light to enter the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

cornea

A

clear membrane that is the outermost part of the eye that protects the pupil and iris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

lens

A

-acts almost like a camera and moves to focus an image (accomadation)
-located behind the iris and pupil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

retina

A

covered in receptor cells that converts the light energy into neural impulses for processing in the brain
-light sensitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

rods

A

receptor cells in the retina that detect light and dark. (black, grey, and white)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

cones

A

receptor cells in retina that help us to see color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

optic nerve

A

structure in the back of the eyes that is made up of axons of ganglion cells that carry visual information to the brain for further processing and analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

feature detectors

A

-involved in vision
-neurons that are responsible for Shapes, angles and movement
-allow us to see the “whole” stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

parallel processing

A

the simultaneous distribution of information across different neural pathways
-perceiving “what” and “where” at once

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

binding

A

in the sense of vision, the bringing together and integration of what is processed by different neural pathways or cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

trichromatic theory

A

states that color perception is based on 3 types of cone receptors red, green, and blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

opponent-process theory

A

states that cells in the visual field system respond to complementary pairs of red-green and blue-yellow
-staring at red then looking away and you get a green after image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

figure-ground relationship

A

principle by which we organize the perceptual field into stimuli that stand out (figure) and those that are left over (ground)

34
Q

gestalt psychology

A

a school of thought interested in how people naturally organize their perceptions according to certain patterns

35
Q

principles of gestalt

A
  1. closure
  2. proximity
  3. similarity
36
Q

closure

A

when we see disconnected or incomplete figures, we fill in the spaces and see them as complete figures

37
Q

proximity

A

when we see objects that are near to eachother, they tend to be seen as a unit

38
Q

similarity

A

when we see objects that are similar to eachother, they tend to be seen as a unit

39
Q

depth perception

A

the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally

40
Q

binocular cues

A

depth cues that require both eyes
-convergence
-retinal disparity

41
Q

retinal disparity

A

binocular cue
-objects within 25 feet project images to slightly different locations on the right and left retinal
-ex. opening and closing one eye with hand infront of ur face

42
Q

convergence

A

binocular cue
-if the objects are near, the eyes will converge, almost crossing
-if object is far, focus without needing to converge

43
Q

moncular cues

A

cues that require one eye
-familiar/relative size
-height in field of view/ plane
-linear perspective
-overlap/interposition
-light and shadow/ shading
-texture gradient

44
Q

familiar/ relative size

A

knowing how far an object is by already knowing that objects typical size

45
Q

height in field of view/plane

A

higher in the picture equals farther away

46
Q

linear perspective

A

smaller equals farther away

47
Q

overlap/interposition

A

object overlapping another equals closer

48
Q

shading/ light and shadow

A

changes in the perception due to the position of light

49
Q

texture gradient

A

denser and finer equals farther away

50
Q

apparent movement

A

perception that a stationary object is moving

51
Q

perceptual constancy

A

recognition that objects are constant and unchanging even though sensory input about them is changing

52
Q

types of perceptual constancy

A
  1. size constancy
  2. shape constancy
  3. color constancy
53
Q

size constancy

A

recognition that an object remains the same size even though the retinal image of the object changes

54
Q

shape constancy

A

recognition that an object remains the same shape even though its orientation to you changes

55
Q

color constancy

A

recognition that an object stays the same color even thought different amounts of light fall on it
-ex. paint swatches

56
Q

timbre

A

the tone saturation

57
Q

tympanic membrane

A

(eardrum)
-seperates the outer ear from the middle ear
-first structure that sound reaches in the middle ear
-vibrates in response to sound

58
Q

hammer, anvil, stirrup

A

-also know as osicles
-when they vibrate, they transmit sound waves to the fluid-filled inner ear
-take the vibration of the eardrum and transmit it to the oval window

59
Q

oval window

A

transmits sound waves to cochlea

60
Q

cochlea

A

a tubuloar, fluid-filled structure that is coiled up liek a snail

61
Q

basilar membrane

A

lines the inner wall of the cochlea but widens and becomes more flexible at the top

62
Q

hair cells

A

ears sensory receptors

63
Q

cilia

A

tufts or fine bristles located in the hair cells

64
Q

tectorial membrane

A

jelly liike flap above hair cells
-movement of this generates impulses that the brain interprets as sound

65
Q

cochlear implants

A

electronic device that is implanted in the ear and head that allows deaf people to detect sound

66
Q

2 theories of hearing

A
  1. place theory
  2. frequency theory
67
Q

place theory

A

theory on how the inner ear registers the frequency of sound stating that each frequency produces vibrations at a particular spot on the basilar membrane

68
Q

frequency theory

A

theory on how the inner ear registers the frequency of sound, stating that the perception of a sound’s frequency depends on how often the auditory nerve fires

69
Q

volley principle

A

modification of the frequency theory stating that individual nuerons can’t fire faster than 1,000 times per second, but if they team up and alternate their neural firing, they can attain a combined frequency above that rate
-ex. army soldiers firing their guns

70
Q

thermoreceptors

A

sensory nerve endings under the skin that respond to changes in temperature at or near the skin and provide input to keep the body’s temperature 98.6

71
Q

pain

A

the sensation that warns an individual of damage to the body

72
Q

papillae

A

rounded bumps above the tongue’s surface that contain the taste buds

73
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

the lining of the roof of the nasal canal, containing a sheet of receptor cells of smell

74
Q

kinesthetic sense

A

senses that provide information about movement, posture, and orientation

75
Q

vestibular sense

A

sense that provides information about balance and movement

76
Q

semicircular canals

A

three-fluid filled circular tubes in the inner ear containing the sensory receptors that detect head motion caused when an individual tilts or moves the head

77
Q

transduction for the eye

A

occurs in the retina, process of converting light waves into neural impulse

78
Q

transduction for the ear

A

occurs in the cochlea, process of converting sound waves into neural impulse

79
Q

prosopagnosia

A

disease where your brain can not recognize faces, they can see just fine, but cannot determine who a person is by their face

80
Q

visual agnosia

A

inability to recognize an object by just looking at it

AP Psychology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions