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AP Psychology > Memory Test Key Terms > Flashcards

Memory Test Key Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

the retention of information or experience over time as the result of three key processes, encoding, storage, and retrieval

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2
Q

encoding

A

first step of memory
-process by which information gets into memory storage

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3
Q

does it take effort to encode

A

yes

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4
Q

divided attention

A

concentrating on more than one activity at the same time

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5
Q

sustained attention

A

-vigilance
-the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time

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6
Q

levels of processing

A

a continuum of memory processing from shallow to intermediate to deep,
-deeper processing = the better the memory

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7
Q

shallow level processing

A

nothing but physical features

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8
Q

intermediate level processing

A

gives a stimulus a label (reading the word ‘mom’ )

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9
Q

deepest level processing

A

thinking about the meaning of a stimulus
-what something means to you

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10
Q

elaboration

A

the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding

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11
Q

self-reference

A

relating material to your own experience

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12
Q

storage

A

the retention of information over time and how this information is represented in memory

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13
Q

atkinson-shiffrin theory

A

theory stating that memory storage involves three seperate systems, sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

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14
Q

sensory memory

A

memory system that involves holding information from the world in its original sensory form for only an instant

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15
Q

echoic memory

A

refers to auditory sensory memory and it is retained for up to several seconds

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16
Q

iconic memory

A

visual sensory memory, only retained for about a 1/4 of a second

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17
Q

short-term memory

A

limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for only as long as 30 sec. unless the individual uses strategies to retain it longer

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18
Q

memory span

A

refers to the number of digits an individual can report back, in order, after a single presentation of them

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19
Q

chunking

A

involves grouping or packing information that exceeds the 7+or- 2 memory span into higher and order units that can be remembered as single units

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20
Q

rehersal

A

the conscious repeitiion of information
-doesnt work for retention of long-term

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21
Q

working memory

A

includes short-term memory and attention, that allow individuals to hold information temporarily as they complete tasks
-work bench essentially

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22
Q

the phonological loop

A

specialized to briefly store speech-based information about the sounds of language

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23
Q

the visuo-spatial sketch pad

A

stores visual and spatial information, including visual imagery
-limited capacity

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24
Q

the central executive

A

integrates information not only from the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad, but also from long-term memory

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25
Q

long-term memory

A

a relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information for a long period of time

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26
Q

explicit memory

A

the conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts or events and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated

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27
Q

episodic memory

A

the retention of information about the where, when, and what of life’s happening
-ex. your first date, what you ate for breakfast this morning

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28
Q

sematic memory

A

a person’s knowledge about the world, including his or her areas of expertise or general knowledge
-knowledge of chess, geometry, Lady Gaga

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29
Q

implicit memory

A

memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience
-ex. skills to play tennis, or go snowboarding

30
Q

3 parts of implicit memory

A
  1. procedural memory
  2. priming
  3. classical condition
31
Q

2 parts of explicit memory

A
  1. episodic memory
  2. semantic memory
32
Q

procedural memory

A

memory for skills
-ex. typing you know where the keys are without having to think hard about it

33
Q

priming

A

the activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information better and faster

34
Q

classical conditioning

A

involves automatic learning of association between stimuli, so that one can evoke the same response as the other
-liking the person sitting next to you because they are around you when you feel good

35
Q

schema

A

preexisting mental concept that helps people to organize and interpret information
-influences encoding

36
Q

script

A

schema for an event
-the details of what is happening
-helps to organize in storage to make retrieval easier

37
Q

connectionism or (PDP)

A

the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons, several of which may work together to process a single memory

38
Q

frontal lobes

A

(episodic)

39
Q

amygdala

A

(emotional memories)

40
Q

temporal lobes

A

(explicit memory and priming)

41
Q

hippocampus

A

(explicit memory and priming)

42
Q

cerebellum

A

(implicit memory)

43
Q

retrieval

A

the memory process that occurs when information that was retained in memory comes our of storage

44
Q

serial position effect

A

the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than the middle

45
Q

primacy effect

A

refers to better recall for items at the beginning of a list

46
Q

recency effect

A

refers to better recall for items at the end of a list

47
Q

recall

A

a memory task in which an individual has to retrieve previously learned information

48
Q

recognition

A

memory task in which the individual only has to identify learned items
-ex. multiple choice test

49
Q

encoding specifity principle

A

states that information present at the time of encoding or learning tends to be effective as a retrieval cue
- ex. not recognizing a teacher outside of the classroom

50
Q

context-dependent memory

A

people remember better when they attempt to recall information in the same context in which they learned it

51
Q

false memories

A

occur when people remember something that never actually happened

52
Q

auto-biographical memories

A

-memories about your life
-contains 3 levels
-1 being the largest with years and decades

53
Q

reminiscense bump

A

the effect that adults remember more events from the second and third decades of life than from other decades (early 20 to 30s)

54
Q

general events

A

such as trip you took with your friends from highschool

55
Q

event-specifc knowledge

A

such as first time jet skiing on the post graduation trip

56
Q

flashbulb memory

A

memory of emotionally significant events , vivid
-when child was born, 9/11

57
Q

repression

A

defense mechanism by which a person is so traumatized by an event that they forget it and then forget the act of forgetting it

58
Q

motivated forgetting

A

forgetting that occurs when something is so painful or anxiety-laden that remembering is intolerable

59
Q

discovered memories

A

idea developed by psychologist Johnathan Schooler, states that recovered memories are this because regardless of their accuracy, individuals do experience them as real

60
Q

encoding failure

A

occurs when information was never entered into long-term memory

61
Q

interference theory

A

people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember

62
Q

proactive interference

A

old information interfere with new information

63
Q

retroactive interference

A

new information interferes with the old information

64
Q

decay theory

A

states that when an individual learns something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates
-passage of time = forgetting

65
Q

retrospective memory

A

remembering information from the past

66
Q

prospective memory

A

remembering information about doing something in the future, includes memory for intention
-your intentions and rembering having those intentions

67
Q

time-based prospective memory

A

our intention to engage in a give behavior after a specified amoutn of time has gone by

68
Q

event-based prospective memory

A

we enages in intended behavior when some external event or cue elicits it

69
Q

amnesia

A

the loss of memory

70
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

a memory disorder that affects the retention of new information

71
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

memory loss for a segment of the past buy not for new events

AP Psychology (10 decks)

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