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PSYA01 > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation vs perception

A

Sensation: Parts of our surroundings (stimuli) that the brain analyzes and processes
Perception: When the brain uses stimuli to create an understanding of our surroundings

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2
Q

Bottom-up vs top-down processing

A

Bottom-up: Perception of the world by processing physical messages delivered to the senses
Top-down: Perception of the world when one’s beliefs, memories and expectations are included

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3
Q

Gestalt psych

A

Born organizing info in specific, predetermined ways that have usefulness

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4
Q

Figure-ground principle

A

Other info is given priority over the background

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5
Q

Proximity

A

Objects that are close together are grouped together

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6
Q

Similarity

A

Objects that look like each other/similar to each other are grouped together

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7
Q

Closure

A

Parts of object are missing but brain can still perceive a whole, coherent object

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8
Q

Good continuation

A

Lines are perceived to continue themselves even when they cross each other and are interrupted

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9
Q

Common fate

A

Objects that move together are grouped together

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10
Q

Retina

A

Thin layer of tissue at back of eye that contains photosensitive receptor cells

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11
Q

Cornea

A

Transparnet covering of eye and performs ~80% of focusing on a visual image

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12
Q

Pupil

A

Hole in centre of eye where light enters and regulates entering by controlling relaxation/tension of muscles attached to iris

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13
Q

Iris

A

Ring of pigmented tissue surrounding pupil and responsible for controlling its diameter and size, controlling light that reaches the retina

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14
Q

Lens

A

Flexible tissue located behind pupil that focuses light on the retina

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15
Q

Accommodation

A

When lens changes shape to bring objects into focus on the retina, which is determined by distance b/w eye and object (close = thick & round; far = relaxed & elongated)

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16
Q

Myopia/nearsightedness

A

Eyes longer than average = focuses image before retina

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17
Q

Hyperopia/farsightedness

A

Eyes shorter than average = focuses image after retina

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18
Q

Sclera

A

White part of eye surrounding cornea

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19
Q

Fovea

A

Part of retina behind pupil that contains many cones but no rods

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20
Q

Optic nerve

A

Translates info from retina and sends it to visual cortex
Creates blind spot in vision b/c of part of retina it occupies

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21
Q

Choroid

A

Has blood vessels and delivers nutrients to photoreceptors

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22
Q

Anterior chamber aqueous humor

A

Liquid-filled space b/w cornea and iris and is routinely cleaned

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23
Q

Virteous chamber virteous humor

A

Fluid-filled space that provides support and structure to eye and lens

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24
Q

Photoreceptors/photoreceptive cells

A

Cells sensitive to exposure to light

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25
Q

Rods

A
  • Most responsive to low-level light
  • Mostly in retina’s periphery
  • Communicates/responds to amount of light, but not its qualities
  • Compiles early processing about location of object & motion in surroundings
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26
Q

Cones

A
  • Most responsibe to bright lighting conditions
  • Chemically communicates info about acuity and colour
  • A few million in fovea
  • Only cells that communicate info about wavelength of object
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27
Q

Visual acuity

A

Transmitting info about fine detail

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28
Q

Refraction

A

Lens inverts image prior to brain perceiving it

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29
Q

Diffuse bipolar cells

A

Receive signals from rods and send messages to large/magno ganglion cells (M-cells)

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30
Q

Midget bipolar cells

A

Receive signals from cones and send messages to small/parvo ganglion cells

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31
Q

Small ganglion/parvo cells

A
  • Receive signals from midget bipolar cells and axons leave cell to form part of optic nerve
  • Sends signals about qualities of colour and detail
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32
Q

Large ganglion cells

A
  • Receive signals from diffuse bipolar cells and axons leave eye to form part of the optic nerve
  • Found in periphery
  • Sends info about motion and visual stimuli in periphery
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33
Q

Light on center of ganglion receptive field vs. light on surrounding

A

Light on center = cell responds more rapidly
Light on surrounding = cell reduces firing

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34
Q

Optic chiasm

A

X-shaped structure where optic nerves from each eye cross before message is sent to thalamus
(Info from R side of BOTH eyes is sent to left hemisphere and vice versa)

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35
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus

A

6-layered portion of thalamus that processes and organizes visual info

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36
Q

Visual striate cortex (VC)

A

Location in occipital lobe where visual info is organized and analyzed

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37
Q

Retinotopic organization

A

Spatial organization of retinal image is maintained through visual pathway

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38
Q

Simple cells

A

Feature-detecting cells that respond to lines on specific orientations

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39
Q

Complex cells

A

Cells that respond to lines in specific orientations in motion

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40
Q

Ventral/”what” stream

A

Info from occipital to temporal to identify object

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41
Q

Dorsal/”where” stream

A

Info from occipital to parietal to identify object location

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42
Q

5 steps of light passing through the eye to the visual cortex

A

1) Light waves enter eye through cornea then through pupil and when it hits the lens, it’s focused toward the retina

2) Photoreceptors in retina transduces light energy into neural activity through the rods and cons, which turn light info into neurochemical signals

3) Transduced light creates action potentials that are sent along the optic nerves, which cross at the optic chiasm

4) After the optic chiasm, it’s sent to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and visual info is processed in its 6 layers

5) Visual info is sent to the visual striate cortex (VC) and it’s retinotopically/spatially organized in pattern we experience info

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43
Q

Short cones

A

Respond to short wavelengths (~450 nm, e.g. blue)

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44
Q

Medium cones

A

Respond to medium wavelengths (~530 nm, e.g. geen and yellow)

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45
Q

Long cones

A

Respond to long wavelenghts (~670 nm, e.g. red and orange)

46
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

Proposes that colour info is identified by comparing activation of different conesin retina

47
Q

Colour blindness

A

Born w/o a stype of cone

48
Q

Opponent process theory

A
  • Suggests that cells in visual pathway increase activation when receiving info from one type of cone and decreases when it sees the second colour
  • Red and green
  • Blue and yellow
  • Black and white
49
Q

Monocular depth/pictorial cues

A

Only need one eye to understand messages of depth

50
Q

Occlusion

A

Object that’s being partially blocked by another object is perceived as farther away

51
Q

Relative height

A

Objects near horizon = appear farther away and objects far from horizon - closer

52
Q

Relative size

A

When objects are about the same size, the one that’s farther will take up a smaller portion of retina

53
Q

Perspective convergence

A

Parallel lines that move farther away appear to converge

54
Q

Familiar size

A

Judge distance based on prior knowledge of object’s size

55
Q

Atmospheric perspective

A

The farther the object, the more hazy with a blue tint b/c of atmosphere

56
Q

Binocular depth cues

A

Cues require comparing an image as it falls on both eyes to understand its distance

57
Q

Retinal disparity

A
  • Difference b/w retinal images used to calculate distance b/w individual and object (far = smaller degree of retinal disparity)
  • Also measured with tension of eyes (close = eyes move inward; far = eyes are straight ahead)
58
Q

Sound

A

Mechanical energy that requires a medium to move through space and travels in waves of small vibrating air molecules that collide with other molecules

59
Q

Frequency

A

Physical measurement of pitch in Hertz (Hz)

60
Q

Intensity

A

Physical measurement of loudness of a sound measured in decibels (dB)

61
Q

Pinna

A

External part of ear made of mostly cartilage that directs sound waves to eardrum

62
Q

Tympanic membrane/eardrum

A

Transfers energy to the ossicles

63
Q

Ossicles

A
  • Malleus, incus, stapes
  • Amplify vibrations and transmit signals to oval window through the stapes
  • Oval window transfers vibrations to the cochlea
64
Q

Cochlea

A
  • Contains basilar membrane, which is a flexible tissue where auditory hair cells are
  • When hair cells re displaced, they create electrochemical signals that are sent to the auditory cortex to perceive sound
65
Q

Transduction

A
  • Process by external sensations turn into neural firing in the brain
  • Vibrations against oval window = movement in fluid in cochlea = pushes against cilia attached to hair cells = excitatory message sent to auditory nerve
66
Q

Place theory

A

Suggest we understand pitch b/c of firing location on basilar membrane

67
Q

Frequency theory

A

Suggests we understand pitch b/c of rate of cellular firing on basilar membrane (more rapid = higher perception of pitch)

68
Q

Auditory cortex

A

Are of temporal lobe where auditory info is processed

69
Q

Medial geniculate nucleus

A

Portion of thalamus that evaluates and organizes auditory info before sending it to auditory cortex

70
Q

Tonotopic organization

A

Spatial organization of basilar membrane maintained through auditory pathway

71
Q

Simple sounds (e.g. pure tones) are processed in ___ regions

A

Lower

72
Q

Complex sounds (e.g. speech) are processed in ___ regions

A

Higher

73
Q

Binaural cues

A

Auditory cues that require comparisons from both ears to understand object’s location

74
Q

Interaural time difference

A

Comparisons made b/w small differences in arrival time of a sound in each ear

75
Q

Interaural level difference

A

Brain compares intensity differences of sounds as it arrives at each ear to understand object location (closer = slightly louder)

76
Q

Involuntary musical imagery/earworm

A

Auditory experience of inability to remove song from one’s consciousness

77
Q

McGurk effect

A

Shows how visual info can affect auditory perception

78
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Sensory cells in nose that respond to air molecules we interpret as smell and taste

79
Q

Smell is the only sense that DOESN’T pass through the ____

A

Thalamus

80
Q

Olfactory mucosa

A

Tissue that contains chemoreceptros in the nose

81
Q

Olfactory receptor neurons (ORN)

A

Neurons specifically responsive to odorants

82
Q

Chemical process of smell

A

1) Airmorbne chemoreceptors interact w/ receptor sites in mouth and nose

2) Olfactory receptors bind to cilia of hair cells in olfactory mucosa

3) Odorants come into contact w/ olfactory receptor neurons

4) ORN send message to glomeruli in olfactory bulb in brain

83
Q

The 5 basic tastes

A

Sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami

84
Q

Papillae and 4 types

A
  • Papillae: Bumps on surface of tongue where tastebuds are located
  • Filiform: Found on entire surface of tongue and doesn’t have tastebuds
  • Fungiform: On tips and side of side of tongue and look like mushrooms
  • Foliate: Folds along back of tongue
  • Circumvallate: Mounds along back of tongue
85
Q

Taste pore

A

Location of taste-sensitive cells on tongue

86
Q

Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)

A

Region of brain that analyzes both taste and smell and gets info from “what” path

87
Q

Bimodal neurons

A

Neurons that respond to more than one sense and specialize in determining sensations that occur together

88
Q

Pressure

A

Physical message of touch

89
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

Where touch and motion are processed in parietal lobe

90
Q

Mechanoreceptors and 4 types

A
  • Receptors in skin that sense different kinds of pressure
    CLOSE TO SKIN’S SURFACE:
  • Merkel receptors: Fire continuously when skin is in contact w/ object
  • Meissner corpuscle: Fires when skin 1st encounters stimulus and when removed

DEEPER IN SKIN
- Ruffini cylinder: Interpet stretching of skin
- Pacinian corpuscle: Vibrations and texture

91
Q

Sensory homunculus

A

Visual depiction of what bodies would look like if built in proportion to representation on cortex (large hands, tongue and lips)

92
Q

Thermoreceptors

A
  • Receptors in skin specifically designed to detect changes in temp
  • Cold fibers = increase firing to cold
  • Warm fibers = increase firing to warmth
93
Q

Pain

A

Adaptive response to tissue damage

94
Q

Nociceptors

A

Detect pain and send signals to brain

95
Q

Gate-control theory of pain

A

Painful stimuli can be blocked in spinal cord when engaged in other activities

96
Q

Small diameter fibers (S-fibers)

A

Fire to damaging and painful stimuli, which activate T-cells when activated

97
Q

Transmission cell (T-cell)

A

Excitation influences intensity of perception of pain

98
Q

Large diameter fibers (L-fibers)

A

Send signals to brain about stimuli that’s NOT PAINFUL

99
Q

Congenital analgesia

A

Rare conditions where individual can’t feel pain/temperature

100
Q

Kinesthetic sense

A

Sense of where bodies are in space and how to move to accomplish tasks (receptors located in joints and muscles)

101
Q

Vestibular sense

A
  • Sense of balance
  • Sensory cells in cochlea and is closely related to visual system
102
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Structures in inner ear that sense changes in acceleration and rotation of head

103
Q

Vestibular hair cells

A

Sensory neurons inside vestibular sacs that convert info about gravity into neural firing

104
Q

Vestibular sacs

A

Structures in inner ear that respond to cues associated w/ balance and posture

105
Q

Psychophysics

A

Study of how physical experience of sensations is turned into perception

106
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Point of intensity required for person to detect stimulus 50% of the time

107
Q

Signal detection

A

When someone detects stimulus even though there’s none present

108
Q

Difference threshold

A

Smallest amount of particular stimulus required for difference in magnitude to be detected

109
Q

Just noticeable difference (JND)

A

Amount of stimuli required to notice difference

110
Q

Weber’s law

A

Ability to notice difference b/w 2 stimuli in a constant proportion of intensity/size of stimulus

PSYA01 (8 decks)

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