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PSYA01 > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

Change in behaviour due to experience

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2
Q

Innate

A

Something we’re born knowing how to do

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3
Q

Reflexes

A

Type of stimulus-response relationship that’s either learned/innate and indicated behaviour that’s automatic

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4
Q

Social/vicarious learning

A

Learn by watching others

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5
Q

Latent learning

A

Learn something that doesn’t show until it’s relevant (can be social/operant/Pavlovian)

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6
Q

Pavlovian/classical conditioning

A

Learning in which seemingly insignificant event signals important event (associating 2 events)

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7
Q

Stimulus

A

Event in situation that tells us about environment and what to do

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8
Q

Unconditional stimulus (UCS)

A

Biologically important event requires no conditioning to affect behaviour

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9
Q

Unconditional response (UCR)

A

Biologically important respone occurs b/c of UCS

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10
Q

Conditional stimulus (CS)

A

Requires learning to be meaningful and is only meaningful b/c event indicates something about UCS (signals/predicts UCS)

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11
Q

Conditional response (CR)

A

Learned response that occurs to the CS

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12
Q

Neutral stimulus

A
  • Becomes CS after conditioning
  • Doesn’t indicated if UCS will occur and in which environmental event currently has no meaning
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13
Q

Excitatory CS

A
  • Indicates that UCS will occur
  • (+) correlation b/w CS and UCS
  • CS presented before UCS
  • Short-delayed: Signal occurs a few secs before what’s signaled
  • Long-delayed: Signal occurs many secs before
  • Trace: Signal occurs many mins/hours before what’s signaled
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14
Q

Inhibitory CS

A
  • Indicates that no UCS will occur
  • (-) correlation b/w CS and UCS
  • Simultaneous: Signal and what’s signaled occur at the same time (CS and UCS overlap)
  • Backward: UCS presented before CS so CS signals no UCS will occur
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15
Q

Extinction (classical)

A

CS presented until CR is reduced/goes away

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16
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

After extinction, signal occurs alone and CR reappears

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17
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

Notices similarities b/w objects and responses to them as if they were the same

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18
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

Notices differences b/w objects responds differently b/c they’re not the same

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19
Q

Higher-order conditioning

A

Already-conditioned signal paired w/ neutral stimulus
[already paired neutral stimulus becomes UCS]neutral stimulus becomes CS

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20
Q

Behaviourism

A
  • How we learn new behaviours and how those change across different situations
  • Credited to John B Watson
  • Excluded mental constructs and believed that only observable events should be included
21
Q

Steps of exposure therapy

A

1) Exposure plan (list fears from least to greatest)
2) Pick low starting point
3) Build way up

22
Q

Operant/instrumental conditioning

A

Learn that behaviours = consequences and how these affect us

23
Q

Instrumental

A

Process of interacting w/ some response option that can affect environment

24
Q

Law of effect/consequence

A

Finding that we learn about situations/behaviours that become something we like and don’t learn to association situations and behaviours that become something we don’t like

25
Q

Consequence

A

Type of stimuli in which outcomes produced by behaviour affect future behaviours

26
Q

Satisfaction/”stamping in”

A

Repeat behaviours that become something we like

27
Q

Discomfort/”stamping out”

A

Don’t associate beahviours w/ situations that become something we don’t like and learn to not repeat them

28
Q

Radical behaviourism

A
  • Founded by B.F. Skinner
  • Radical behaviourism: Treats thinking and feeling like any other behaviour
29
Q

Antecedents

A

Situation that makes it possible for us to respond and tell us what we might get for that response

30
Q

Contingencies

A

If-then rule (if you do this then that will happen)

31
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Apply stimulus to increase desirable behaviour

32
Q

Positive punishment

A

Apply stimulus to decrease undesirable behaviour

33
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Remove stimulus to increase desirable behaviour

34
Q

Negative punishment

A

Remove stimulus to decrease undesirable behaviour

35
Q

2 forms of negative reinforcement

A

Escape: Aversive stimulus already present and response removes/stops unpleasant stimulus (stop situation during its occurrence)
Avoidance: Aversive stimulus not present but will occur unless you produce response to cancel/omit unpleasant stimulus (stop situation before it occurs)

36
Q

Extinction burst

A

Behaviour previously reinforced occurs at higher rate w/o consequence

37
Q

Partial reinforcement extinction effect

A

Behaviour reinforced only occasionally lasts longer w/o consequences than behaviour reinforced every time when consequences are no longer available

38
Q

Shaping

A

Breaking down complex response into smaller steps and reinforcing responses that are closer and closer to final form and no longer reinforcing previous behaviours

39
Q

Generalized unconditioned reinforcers

A

Objects traded for several other reinforces and don’t lose influence over reinforcing behaviour

40
Q

Fixed ratio (FR) sched

A

Reinforcers produced after set # of responses

41
Q

Variable ratio (VR) sched

A

Reinforcers produced after average # of responses

42
Q

Fixed interval (FI) sched

A

Reinforcers produced after set # of times and a few responses

43
Q

Variable interval (VI) sched

A

Reinforcers produced after average # of time and a few responses

44
Q

Ratio reinforcement schedules from lowest to highest rate of responding

A

FI, VI, FR, VR

45
Q

Main difference b/w Pavlovian and operant conditioning

A

Pavlovian: UCS will occur regardless of if it’s been associated w/ CS (behaviour does not affect probability of consequence)
Operant: Must respond to receive consequence

46
Q

___ is credited w/ establishment of cognitive psych

A

Edward C. Tolman

47
Q

___ discovered field of social learning

A

Albert Bandura

48
Q

4 phases/processes/states of social learning

A

Attentional:Observer watches model doing something
Retention: Observer remembers what model did so they can imitate later
Production: Observer copies what mode demonstrated
Motivational: Obeserver obtains same outcome as model for the same response

PSYA01 (8 decks)

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