Learning Flashcards
Learning
Change in behaviour due to experience
Innate
Something we’re born knowing how to do
Reflexes
Type of stimulus-response relationship that’s either learned/innate and indicated behaviour that’s automatic
Social/vicarious learning
Learn by watching others
Latent learning
Learn something that doesn’t show until it’s relevant (can be social/operant/Pavlovian)
Pavlovian/classical conditioning
Learning in which seemingly insignificant event signals important event (associating 2 events)
Stimulus
Event in situation that tells us about environment and what to do
Unconditional stimulus (UCS)
Biologically important event requires no conditioning to affect behaviour
Unconditional response (UCR)
Biologically important respone occurs b/c of UCS
Conditional stimulus (CS)
Requires learning to be meaningful and is only meaningful b/c event indicates something about UCS (signals/predicts UCS)
Conditional response (CR)
Learned response that occurs to the CS
Neutral stimulus
- Becomes CS after conditioning
- Doesn’t indicated if UCS will occur and in which environmental event currently has no meaning
Excitatory CS
- Indicates that UCS will occur
- (+) correlation b/w CS and UCS
- CS presented before UCS
- Short-delayed: Signal occurs a few secs before what’s signaled
- Long-delayed: Signal occurs many secs before
- Trace: Signal occurs many mins/hours before what’s signaled
Inhibitory CS
- Indicates that no UCS will occur
- (-) correlation b/w CS and UCS
- Simultaneous: Signal and what’s signaled occur at the same time (CS and UCS overlap)
- Backward: UCS presented before CS so CS signals no UCS will occur
Extinction (classical)
CS presented until CR is reduced/goes away
Spontaneous recovery
After extinction, signal occurs alone and CR reappears
Stimulus generalization
Notices similarities b/w objects and responses to them as if they were the same
Stimulus discrimination
Notices differences b/w objects responds differently b/c they’re not the same
Higher-order conditioning
Already-conditioned signal paired w/ neutral stimulus
[already paired neutral stimulus becomes UCS]neutral stimulus becomes CS
Behaviourism
- How we learn new behaviours and how those change across different situations
- Credited to John B Watson
- Excluded mental constructs and believed that only observable events should be included
Steps of exposure therapy
1) Exposure plan (list fears from least to greatest)
2) Pick low starting point
3) Build way up
Operant/instrumental conditioning
Learn that behaviours = consequences and how these affect us
Instrumental
Process of interacting w/ some response option that can affect environment
Law of effect/consequence
Finding that we learn about situations/behaviours that become something we like and don’t learn to association situations and behaviours that become something we don’t like
