Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYA01 > Language and thought > Flashcards

Language and thought Flashcards

1
Q

Language

A

Grouping of spoken, written or gestured symbols used to convey info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2 functions of language

A
  • Social communication
  • Express complex thought processes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Productivity

A

Create of new messages through connecting unrelated info to form ideas/messages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Grammar

A

General rules of language, including words, tenses and syntax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Syntax

A

Structure and order of words within language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Language development birth-3 months

A
  • Cooing and gurgling
  • Orient sound in environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Language development 4-6 months

A
  • Crying expressively
  • Responds to name
  • Make early vowel and consonant sounds
  • Mimic sounds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

7-18 months

A
  • Copy hand gestures
  • Gesture meaningfully
  • Respond to simple commands and understand “no”
  • Mimic words
  • Use simple one-word phrases
  • 50 words and gains 6/day
  • Less sensitive to non-native vowel and consonant sounds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Language development 2-3 years

A
  • Match objects w/ names
  • 2-4 word sentences
  • Follow multi-step instructions
  • Understand prepositions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Language development 4-5 years

A
  • Simple grammar rules accurately
  • Memorize and recite simple songs
  • Full sentences to tell stories
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Verbal behaviour

A

Ideas from operant conditioning (B.F. Skinner) applied to language to focus on language as a type of behaviour in the sense that it is formed from series of reinforcements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Benefits from ____ ____ have been found to alter neural activity in babies b/w ages 5-8 months old

A

parental involvement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When parents engaged in ____ w/ infants and allowed them to respond, infants showed greater ____ _____ in regions of brain associated w/ _____

A

conversation; neural connectivity; comprehension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explain nurture side of language development

A

Theory that people develop language from series of reinforcements/punishments during childhood and from parental involvement and the environment they create

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Language acquisition device (LAD)

A

Hypothetical mechanism in brain responsible for faculty of language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Critical period

A

Theoretical stage in development when it’s necessary for children to receive environmental stimulation to promote health development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sensitive period

A

Neurological system is more malleable during early development but still modifiable later in life w/ proper environmental stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

2 main patterns all languages adhere to

A

SVO = subject-verb-object
SOV = subject-object-verb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Default tendency of ____ represents a natural bias for language development

A

Gestures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Broca’s area

A

Region in frontal lobe thought to contribute to motor production of speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Region in temporal lobe thought to contribute to the comprehension of language

22
Q

Aphasia

A

Inability/difficulty to produce speech

23
Q

Broca’s/non-fluent aphasia

A
  • Difficulty w/ motor production of language
  • Expressive
  • Good comprehension, difficulty finding words
24
Q

Broca’s 2 important findings

A

1) Might be a module in brain that controls speech
2) Language production is predominantly controlled by left hemisphere

25
Q

FOXP2

A

Version of a gene humans gave that supposedly shows improved task performance

26
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Part of temporal lobe that might contribute to comprehension of language

27
Q

Wernicke’s/fluent aphasia

A
  • Patient has intact phys production of speech but communication lacks meaning (prosody)
  • Receptive
  • Poor comprehension, words may lack meaning
28
Q

Prosody

A

Speech patterns/melody of speech

29
Q

When thinking of what to say ___ area organizes intended speech and projects comprehensible message to ___ area for motor output and production

A

Wernicke’s; Broca’s

30
Q

Mental lexicon

A
  • Storage of words and related concepts
  • Can be accessed to recognize a word in 80 ms
  • Organized w/ phonemes and morphemes
31
Q

Phonemes

A

Smallest sound unit of language

32
Q

Morphemes

A

Smallest portion of word that conveys meaning

33
Q

Semantic

A

Meaning of word

34
Q

We store a general sense of info and define category membership by overlaps in _____

A

Similarity (e.g. bird has defining features that we can connect to a robin, along with its unique features)

35
Q

Prototype

A

Most common/typical form a word assumes when imagining it (closer it is to prototype, easier to classify)

36
Q

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis/linguistic relativity

A

Structural differences in language can alter one’s perception and understanding of reality

37
Q

What can mimic structural differences in language?

A

Thought patterns, attention, memory and reasoning

38
Q

Language appears to be important for successfully completing ____ & _____ tasks

A

reasoning; navigation

39
Q

Dual-task interference

A

Occurs when person is attempting to simultaneously complete tasks that compete for mental/phys resources

40
Q

Problem-solving is commonly viewed as ____ process involving initial ____ state and ____ end-goal state

A

sequential; motivational; desired

41
Q

Contribute to ability to problem solve and choose good strategies:

A
  • Nature of problem
  • Past experiences
  • General knowledge
  • Way you approach problem
  • Available strategies
42
Q

Mental set

A

Person’s expectation of how to solve a problem

43
Q

Functional fixedness

A

Tendency to view object as only having one function (most common one) and neglecting to see other possible uses

44
Q

Algorithms

A

Precise set of rules applied in order to solve a problem

45
Q

Heuristics

A

Short-cut rules applied to solve problems even though it may not be most accurate solution

46
Q

Means-end heuristic/analysis

A

Problem solver envisions desired, goal-state and take whatever measures necessary to attain goal

47
Q

Representative heuristic

A

Problem solver mentally compares something to stored prototype of an event, object or person

48
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Make judgments based on how easily instance of the same/related events are to retrieve from memory/how easily available those memories are

49
Q

Incubation

A

Idea sits at back of mind while you consciously work on something unrelated

50
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Pay attention to info consistent w/ one’s existing beliefs and ignore/discard info inconsistent w/ them

51
Q

System 1 thinking

A

System predominantly relies on emotional systems and stores experiences to guide thinking

52
Q

System 2 thinking

A

System relies on logical, rational thinking, which countermands initial, intuitive thought processes

PSYA01 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions