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PSYA01 > Language and thought > Flashcards

Language and thought Flashcards

1
Q

Language

A

Grouping of spoken, written or gestured symbols used to convey info

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2
Q

2 functions of language

A
  • Social communication
  • Express complex thought processes
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3
Q

Productivity

A

Create of new messages through connecting unrelated info to form ideas/messages

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4
Q

Grammar

A

General rules of language, including words, tenses and syntax

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5
Q

Syntax

A

Structure and order of words within language

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6
Q

Language development birth-3 months

A
  • Cooing and gurgling
  • Orient sound in environment
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7
Q

Language development 4-6 months

A
  • Crying expressively
  • Responds to name
  • Make early vowel and consonant sounds
  • Mimic sounds
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8
Q

7-18 months

A
  • Copy hand gestures
  • Gesture meaningfully
  • Respond to simple commands and understand “no”
  • Mimic words
  • Use simple one-word phrases
  • 50 words and gains 6/day
  • Less sensitive to non-native vowel and consonant sounds
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9
Q

Language development 2-3 years

A
  • Match objects w/ names
  • 2-4 word sentences
  • Follow multi-step instructions
  • Understand prepositions
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10
Q

Language development 4-5 years

A
  • Simple grammar rules accurately
  • Memorize and recite simple songs
  • Full sentences to tell stories
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11
Q

Verbal behaviour

A

Ideas from operant conditioning (B.F. Skinner) applied to language to focus on language as a type of behaviour in the sense that it is formed from series of reinforcements

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12
Q

Benefits from ____ ____ have been found to alter neural activity in babies b/w ages 5-8 months old

A

parental involvement

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13
Q

When parents engaged in ____ w/ infants and allowed them to respond, infants showed greater ____ _____ in regions of brain associated w/ _____

A

conversation; neural connectivity; comprehension

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14
Q

Explain nurture side of language development

A

Theory that people develop language from series of reinforcements/punishments during childhood and from parental involvement and the environment they create

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15
Q

Language acquisition device (LAD)

A

Hypothetical mechanism in brain responsible for faculty of language

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16
Q

Critical period

A

Theoretical stage in development when it’s necessary for children to receive environmental stimulation to promote health development

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17
Q

Sensitive period

A

Neurological system is more malleable during early development but still modifiable later in life w/ proper environmental stimulation

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18
Q

2 main patterns all languages adhere to

A

SVO = subject-verb-object
SOV = subject-object-verb

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19
Q

Default tendency of ____ represents a natural bias for language development

A

Gestures

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20
Q

Broca’s area

A

Region in frontal lobe thought to contribute to motor production of speech

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21
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Region in temporal lobe thought to contribute to the comprehension of language

22
Q

Aphasia

A

Inability/difficulty to produce speech

23
Q

Broca’s/non-fluent aphasia

A
  • Difficulty w/ motor production of language
  • Expressive
  • Good comprehension, difficulty finding words
24
Q

Broca’s 2 important findings

A

1) Might be a module in brain that controls speech
2) Language production is predominantly controlled by left hemisphere

25
FOXP2
Version of a gene humans gave that supposedly shows improved task performance
26
Wernicke's Area
Part of temporal lobe that might contribute to comprehension of language
27
Wernicke's/fluent aphasia
- Patient has intact phys production of speech but communication lacks meaning (prosody) - Receptive - Poor comprehension, words may lack meaning
28
Prosody
Speech patterns/melody of speech
29
When thinking of what to say ___ area organizes intended speech and projects comprehensible message to ___ area for motor output and production
Wernicke's; Broca's
30
Mental lexicon
- Storage of words and related concepts - Can be accessed to recognize a word in 80 ms - Organized w/ phonemes and morphemes
31
Phonemes
Smallest sound unit of language
32
Morphemes
Smallest portion of word that conveys meaning
33
Semantic
Meaning of word
34
We store a general sense of info and define category membership by overlaps in _____
Similarity (e.g. bird has defining features that we can connect to a robin, along with its unique features)
35
Prototype
Most common/typical form a word assumes when imagining it (closer it is to prototype, easier to classify)
36
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis/linguistic relativity
Structural differences in language can alter one's perception and understanding of reality
37
What can mimic structural differences in language?
Thought patterns, attention, memory and reasoning
38
Language appears to be important for successfully completing ____ & _____ tasks
reasoning; navigation
39
Dual-task interference
Occurs when person is attempting to simultaneously complete tasks that compete for mental/phys resources
40
Problem-solving is commonly viewed as ____ process involving initial ____ state and ____ end-goal state
sequential; motivational; desired
41
Contribute to ability to problem solve and choose good strategies:
- Nature of problem - Past experiences - General knowledge - Way you approach problem - Available strategies
42
Mental set
Person's expectation of how to solve a problem
43
Functional fixedness
Tendency to view object as only having one function (most common one) and neglecting to see other possible uses
44
Algorithms
Precise set of rules applied in order to solve a problem
45
Heuristics
Short-cut rules applied to solve problems even though it may not be most accurate solution
46
Means-end heuristic/analysis
Problem solver envisions desired, goal-state and take whatever measures necessary to attain goal
47
Representative heuristic
Problem solver mentally compares something to stored prototype of an event, object or person
48
Availability heuristic
Make judgments based on how easily instance of the same/related events are to retrieve from memory/how easily available those memories are
49
Incubation
Idea sits at back of mind while you consciously work on something unrelated
50
Confirmation bias
Pay attention to info consistent w/ one's existing beliefs and ignore/discard info inconsistent w/ them
51
System 1 thinking
System predominantly relies on emotional systems and stores experiences to guide thinking
52
System 2 thinking
System relies on logical, rational thinking, which countermands initial, intuitive thought processes

PSYA01 (8 decks)

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