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PSYA01 > Biology and Neuroscience > Flashcards

Biology and Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

Breakdown of the nervous system

A

CENTRAL NS
Brain
- Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
Spinal cord

PERIPHERAL NS
Autonomic
- Sympathetic, parasympathetic
Somatic

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2
Q

Somatic NS

A

Intentional reactions/responses

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3
Q

Autonomic NS

A

Automatic reactions/responses

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4
Q

Sympathetic NS

A
  • A.k.a flight, freeze/fight
  • Activated when danger is sensed by amygdala to increase chances of survival
  • Digestive processes temporarily slow down to focus on survival
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5
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A
  • A.k.a rest and digest
  • Relaxed
  • Eliminates/stores waste and delivers nutrients
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6
Q

Acute stress

A

Stress from immediate threat that eventually goes away

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7
Q

Chronic stress

A

Long-term, hyperactive stress = burn out after a long time

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8
Q

Limbic system

A

Controls when we’re in fight/flight based on habit, instincts and primitive reactions
- Takes over for front lobe (where rational decisions are made) after it’s deactivated

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9
Q

4 main lobes

A

Frontal (motor behaviour & reasoning)
Parietal, occipital, temporal (perceive world and make conclusions)

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10
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Where higher lvl of perception of the world occurs and origin of all controlled interactions w/ external world

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11
Q

Midbrain

A

Primitive and focuses more on survival by controlling automatic processes and stores memories

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12
Q

Lateralization

A

Brain is made of separate hemispheres

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13
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Lower part of lobe used for vision

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14
Q

Scotoma

A

Blind spot in someone’s vision b/c of damage to primary visual cortex

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15
Q

Visual association cortex

A

Connects visual input w/ memory, allowing categorization and perception of visual images

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16
Q

Agnosia

A

Inability to name a common object upon seeing it

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17
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Where auditory processes happen
- Primary auditory cortex (inside upper temporal lobe)
- Auditory association cortex (lateral surface of temporal lobe)

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18
Q

Parietal lobe

A
  • Primary somatosensory cortex: Perception of body (motor strip)
  • Parietal association cortex: Complex spatial functions that different across hemispheres (sensory strip)
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19
Q

Proprioception

A

Spatial location of body parts

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20
Q

Left side neglect

A

When people neglect left side of space as if it’s not there

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21
Q

Cerebellum

A

Fibres at back bottom of brain that works w/ parietal lobe & is important to motor movement

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22
Q

Premotor cortex

A

Controls complex movement & combines signals from primary motor cortex
Contributes to decision making

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23
Q

Proportional representation

A

Amount of break devoted to specific part of body depends on its relevance

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24
Q

Affect (ah-fect)

A

Emotional state

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25
Q

Confabulate

A

Inability to deceive well/at all

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26
Q

Neurons

A

Cells that transmit electrical impulses to and from the brain to form thoughts and actions (communicators)

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27
Q

Glial cells

A

Helper cells that assist neurons w/ communication and providing structural support

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28
Q

Dendrites

A

Extensions of cell body (soma) that communicate w/ other neurons

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29
Q

Nucleus of neuron

A
  • Membrane bound and found in soma
  • Includes nucleolus and chromosomes needed to produce proteins in cell
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30
Q

Axon hillock

A

Intersection b/w soma and axon

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31
Q

Axon

A

Part of neuron membrane that delivers messages

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32
Q

Axon terminal

A

Releases neurotransmitter when action potential reaches it

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33
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemicals released from end of an exon and acts as messages to other neurons and body parts and typically binds to receptors

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34
Q

Receptors

A

Proteins embedded in cell body membrane & are built to receive messages from neurotransmitters

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35
Q

Soma

A

Cell body of neuron containing organelles and control metabolic processing

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36
Q

Terminal button

A

Very edge of axon terminal wher eneurotransmitter exits

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37
Q

Vesicles

A

Bubbles in terminal button that store neurotransmitters and open up to send neurotransmitters to next neuron’s dendrites

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38
Q

Presynaptic neuron/axon terminal

A

Releases neurotransmitter into synapse

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39
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Space b/w end of neuron that releases neurotransmitter and end that receives

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40
Q

Synapse

A

Small fluid-filled gap b/w neurons into which neurotransmitters are released

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41
Q

Postsynaptic receptors

A

Neurons that contain receptors ready to bind to neurotransmitter fr presynaptic neuron (usually on dendrites)

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42
Q

How fast does communication b/w neurons happen?

A

About 5 milisecs

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43
Q

Myelin

A

Protein and fatty substance that wraps around axon to protect and increase speed of action potentials/electrical impulses

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44
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps in myelin that lets ions enter into axon and change charge inside

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45
Q

Ions

A

Particles w/ positive/negative charges and their movement = electricity

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46
Q

Ions involved in action potential

A

Sodium, chloride and potassium

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47
Q

Polarized

A
  • Cell is at rest and won’t release neurotransmitters
  • Large # of negatively charged ions (about -70 millivolts)
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48
Q

Depolarized

A
  • When cell moves away from being polarized
  • Becomes more positive
  • More likely to activate and send neurotransmitter the more depolarized
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49
Q

Channels

A

Openings that allow ions to either enter/leave cell

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50
Q

Propagation

A

Process by which electrical impulses get sent to end of neuron

51
Q

Threshold

A

AMmount of voltage change required to trigger open voltage-gated channels

52
Q

Explain the 5 steps of the movement of action potential

A

1) Threshold
- Nerve impulse opens gate and Na+ enters cell

2) Depolarization
- Voltage-gated channels are opened, which increases positive ions in cell
- Cell is relatively less negative/polarized compared to outside = depolarized cell
- Occurs in Noes of Ranvier

3) Repolarization
- Na+ channels close = K+ channels open
- Amount of positive ions decreases and inside becomes relatively negative compared to surrounding fluid

4) Refractory period
- K+ channels open long enough to cause neurons to become “extra” negative compared to outside = hyperpolarized cell & temporarily increases difficulty of reaching threshold again

5) Resting state
- Neuron stabilizes and returns to resting state potential (about -70 mV)

53
Q

Excitatory

A

Neurotransmitters that make neuron move closer to activation (e.g. glutamate, acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, endorphins)

54
Q

Inhibitory

A

Neurotransmitters that make neuron move away from activation and causes hyperpolarization (e.g. GABA, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, endorphins)

55
Q

Agonist

A

Chem from outside body that can mimic/enhance actions of neurotransmitters

56
Q

Endogenous

A

Substance naturally produced in nervous system

57
Q

Antagonists

A

Chem from outside body to shut off receptor

58
Q

Competitive

A

Agonists/antagonists that will compete w/ neurotransmitter for binding side (direct)

59
Q

Non-competitive

A

Agonists/antagonists that bind at a different site and interfere w/ receptor function (indirect)

60
Q

Partial agonists/antagonists

A

Chem from outside body that either partially enhances/mimics/blocks neurotransmitter action

61
Q

Ratio of glial cells to neurons

A

10:1

62
Q

Glial cell functions

A
  • Structural support for neurons
  • Bring nutrients
  • Remove waste and dead neurons
  • Speed up electrical impulses
63
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Glial cell that wrap myelin insulation around axons in CNS

64
Q

Schwann cells

A

Glial cells that wrap myelin insulation around axons in PNS

65
Q

Astrocytes

A

Glial cells that help get nutrition to neurons and maintain balance of ions in/out neurons

66
Q

Neural networks

A

Neurons organized in an interconnected group, dedicated to a set of functions

67
Q

Nerve

A

Large bundle of axons from many neurons

68
Q

Efferent vs afferent

A
  • Efferent: Carries signals away fr. CNS
  • Afferent: Carries signals to CNS
69
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

ABility of neurons and networks to change

70
Q

Neocortex

A

Outerpart of brain responsible for high-lvl processing of info (conscious thought/decision-making)

71
Q

Medulla

A

Part of brain closest to spinal cord that helps regulate life functions

72
Q

Gray matter

A
  • Neurons and glia
  • Local processing of info
73
Q

White matter

A
  • Bundles of myelinated axons
  • Helps share info by connecting neurons via axons and dendrites
74
Q

Somatic

A

Part of PNS that controls voluntary movement and communicates w/ skeletal muscles (torso, head, limbs)

75
Q

Autonomic

A

Part of PNS that controls automatic bodily functions

76
Q

Vertebrae

A

Individual joints that make up vertebral column and provides spine with ability to flex, extend and twist

77
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A
  • Body is in relaxed state to rest, recover and repair
  • Originates in lower brain and socral spinal cord
78
Q

Sympathetic NS

A
  • Controls action that require excitement
  • Mostly neurons and supporting cells in spinal cord
  • Deactivates parasympathetic
  • Focusses on survival
79
Q

Frontal lobe

A
  • Anterior = decision making
  • Posterior = movement
  • Prefrontal cortex gets input from across cerebral cortex to help decide why and how we do things
80
Q

Temporal lobe

A
  • Forming memories
  • Processing sound (includes primary auditory cortex)
81
Q

Pons

A
  • Connects info to/from brain
  • Regulate arousal, coordinates senses w/ cerebellum and controls facial expression and eye movement
82
Q

Medulla oblongata

A
  • Closest part to spinal cord
  • Regulates life functions (e.g. breathing, heart rate)
83
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • A.k.a “little brain”
  • 2 lobes
  • Helps w/ movement and problem-solving
84
Q

Spinocerebellar

A

Part of cerebellum that controls motor patterns

85
Q

Vestibulocerebellar

A

Part of cerebellum that controls posture and balance

86
Q

Cerebrocerebellarr

A

Part of cerebellum that controls timing and planning movements

87
Q

Alternative names for forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

A

Prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

88
Q

Occipital lobe

A
  • Visual cortex processes visual info and light
89
Q

Parietal lobe

A
  • Association lobe = integrates sensory info from across brain
  • Includes primary sensory processing area for touch
  • Includes visual info from visual cortex
  • Helps orient ourselves in environment
90
Q

Somatosensory cortex/postcentral gyrus

A

Primary region for processing touch

91
Q

Motor cortex/precentral gyrus

A

Neurons that initiate voluntary movement

92
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve

A

Originates in inner ear and helps brain sense its orientation and regulations L-R coordination

93
Q

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

A

Network of cells in pons and medulla to help regulate level of awareness and alertness
- Filters out irrelevant stimuli and brings important ones to the rest of the brain

94
Q

Nuclei/ganglia

A

Netwrok of neurons/glia grouped together to perform certain functions

95
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Front part o frontal lobe involved in decision-making

96
Q

Limbic system

A

Nuclei/ganglia that regulates emotions, helps regulate endocrine activity, and form emotional memories
- Integrates primitive functions w/ high-order thought

97
Q

Amygdala

A
  • Network that becomes more active when we learn fear response
  • Increases secretion of adrenaline/norepinephrine in fight or flight
  • Forms memories associated w/ strong emotions
  • Analyzes emotional value and intensity of a stimulus
  • Connects w/ hippocampus and thalamus for formation of emotional memories and coordinate behaviour
98
Q

Amygdalectomy

A

Experimental destruction of amygdala in animals, making them docile/less reactive to threats

99
Q

Hippocampus

A

Acts as a gateway to forming new memories
- Located in temporal lobe
- Essential for memory creation and imagination of new possibilities

100
Q

Steps to forming memories

A

1) Sensory data is transcribed by neurons in cortex and travels to hippocampus
2) In hippocampus, proteins strengthen cortical synaptic connections
3) If stimulus was strong enough/recalled fora few days after, memory gets transferred back to cortex for long-term storage

101
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A

Activates when we experience unpleasant things

102
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls some functions in autonomic and endocrine systems
- Secretes hormone that controls pituitary gland

103
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Interconnected groups near base that help w/ learning movement and coordinating movement patterns

104
Q

Direct path vs indirect path in basal ganglia

A
  • Direct path = dopamine excites neuron = movement occurs
  • Indirect path = dopamine inhibits neuron = movement prevented
105
Q

Dorsal striatum

A
  • Closer to neocortex and coordinates movement
  • Includes caudate nucleus and putamen
106
Q

Ventral striatum

A
  • Closer to neocortex and coordinates movement
  • Globus pallidus: Paleglobe whose role is inhibiting circuits in thalamus to control how sensory info is coordinated w/ movement
  • Substantia nigra: Dark substance; Sends inhibitory signals to thalamus to coordinate sensory w/ motor plans
107
Q

Auditory cortex

A

Auditory info

108
Q

Visual cortex

A

Match visual info w/ other senses’ perception

109
Q

Association cortex

A

Integrate infro from multiple areas

110
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

Feeling/touch

111
Q

Motor cortex

A

Movement commands

112
Q

Neocortex

A

Part of brain that integrates and makes sense of all sensory info and is associated w/ higher order functions

113
Q

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

A

Modulate behaviour based on fear

114
Q

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

A

Maintain info in working memory and change actions based on task

115
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Posterior temporal lobe necessary for processingand understanding language

116
Q

Corpus callosum/”tough body”

A

Thick bundle of fibers that connects hemispheres and allows them to share info
- All sensory info crosses here except olfactory

117
Q

Pituitary gland

A
  • Controls adrenal gland
  • Releases many hormones that affect sexual behaviour, reproduction, circulatory function, hunger and responses to aggression
118
Q

Pineal gland

A

Secretes melatonin and regulates sleep cycles

119
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

A

Connects brain and endocrine system to cause cycle of chronic stress

120
Q

Staining method

A

Using dye to make nerves visible under a microscope (1800s)

121
Q

“Patch-clamp” technique

A

Record electrical activity of individual neuron (1900s)

122
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

Record directly from clusters of electrical activity in the brain (1924)

123
Q

List methods of research in neuroscience

A

CT scan, MRI, fMRI, DTI, PET/SPECT

PSYA01 (8 decks)

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