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PSYA01 > Methods > Flashcards

Methods Flashcards

1
Q

Rationalism

A

Believes that reason is the key source of knowledge
- Used by Aristotle

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2
Q

What were the functions of the heart and brain during ancient times?

A

Heart: Used for senses and emotions
Brain: Cools body down and maintains logical thinking

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3
Q

Data

A

Collected facts/info that are examined and considered for decision-making

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4
Q

Scientifc theories

A

Rational explanations to describe and predict future behaviour

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5
Q

Scientific method (6 steps)

A
  • Scientifc method: Acquiring knwoledge and methodologically answering questiosn
    1) Identify problem
    2) Gather info
    3) Hypothesis
    4) Deisgn and conduct experiments
    5) Data analysis and conclusion
    6) Restart process fr. hypothesis (reconsider original question)
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6
Q

Descriptive methods

A
  • Any means to capture/record/describe a group (“what is” rather than “why it is”
  • Naturalistic observation, participant observation, case studies and surveys
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7
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Observing behaviour as it is w/o manipulating/controlling environment of subject

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8
Q

Field experiments

A

Take place in “real-world” settings where researcher manipulates and controls conditions of behaviour

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9
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

Changes in behaviour when subject knows they’re being watched

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10
Q

Interrater reliability

A

Estimates how much 2+ judges agree on the conclusion/outcome of an experiment

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11
Q

Participant observation

A

Researcher becomes part of group being observed
- More personal POV of daily life but might increase researcher’s bias

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12
Q

David Rosenham experiment

A
  • Took place in late 1960s to early 1970s to test accuracy of diagnoses
  • Sent pseudopatients to mental hospitals claiming they hear voices to try to get admitted
  • Once admitted, they dropped their act and behaved normally but weren’t released until 7-52 days later and still w/ the diagnosis of schizophrenia in remission
  • Proved that physicians were biased towards fake positives (tendency to call a healthy person sick)
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13
Q

Case study

A

In-depth analysis of unique situation/person

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14
Q

Henry Molaison (a.k.a H.M.)

A

After brain surgery to cure his severe seizures, he was unable to create memories
- Case discovered that memories are processed in the hippocampus

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15
Q

Ablation

A

Surgically destroying/removing tissue

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16
Q

Hippocampus

A

Part of cerebral cortex that plays a role in the transference of certain memories into long-term storage

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17
Q

Entorhinal cortex

A

Part of cerebral cortex found on under part of temporal lobe that affects behaviour and memory

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18
Q

Procedural memories

A

Memories of how something is done (e.g. motor skills for walking)

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19
Q

Anecdote

A

One’s individual experiences that are unique and unreliable for research

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20
Q

Surveys

A

Using questions to collect info on how people think/act currently
- Given to a sample of people

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21
Q

Population vs sample

A

Population = entire group of people
Sample = portion of group of people that must be representative of population (no bias)

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22
Q

Sampling error

A

Sample that doesn’t represent general population and can’t be related back to it

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23
Q

Bias

A

Unfair/unequal representation of a person/thing

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24
Q

Wording effects

A

Form of bias in which the way a survey is worded can influence the way the person responds

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25
Q

Response bias

A

When person answers the way they believe they’re expected to answer/inaccurately

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26
Q

Acquisent response bias

A

When participant agrees/says yes to all questions regardless of actual opinion

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27
Q

Socially desirable bias

A

Patient responds in the way that seems most acceptable to others

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28
Q

Illusory superiority/better-than-average effect

A

Tendency to describe your behaviour as better than average

29
Q

Volunteer bias

A

Participants consist of people w/ some sort of motivation to volunteer for the study

30
Q

Research ethics

A

Set of rules/standards that need to be met when conducting research

31
Q

Tuskegee syphilis study

A
  • Took place b/w 1932-1972 and involved 600 African-American men to follow the natural progression of syphilis
  • Promised participants treatment for syphilis but never gave it
32
Q

List the 5 general ethical principles of psychologists

A

1) Beneficence and non-maleficence
2) Fidelity and responsibility
3) Integrity
4) Justice
5) Respect for people’s rights and dignity

33
Q

Beneficence and non-maleficence

A

Beneficence: Researcher aims to “do good” in a study
Malificence; Act of doing harm

34
Q

Fidelity

A

Development of a trusting relationship b/w researchers and participants

35
Q

Integrity and 2 forms

A
  • Engaging in accurate, honest and non-biased practices and education methods
  • Fabrication: Inventing data
  • Falsification: Manpulating data
36
Q

Justice and 3 criteria

A
  • Participants are the ones that will benefit from research outcomes
  • Inclusion criteria: Necessary attribute to participate
  • Exclusion criteria: Attribute that prevents participation
  • Eligibility criteria: Combo of inclusion and exclusion
37
Q

Respect for people’s rights and dignity

A
  • Each person is valued and their right to privacy and confidentiality is respected, their vulnerability is acknowledged and they are provided w/ reasonable compensation
38
Q

Institution Review Board (IRB) and review process

A

Committee of independent people that review research proposals for approval/rejection depending on ethical principals
- Proposal is either approved, denied or sent back w/ suggested changes

39
Q

Informed consent

A

Process by which participants fully learn and understand the purpose, benefits and potential risks of experiment/study

40
Q

Emotional contagion

A

When behaviours are “contagious”

41
Q

Vulnerable populations and its 2 forms

A
  • People unable to provide free and informed consent
  • Decisional impairment: Inability to provide informed consent due to individual circumstance
  • Situational vulnerability: Inability to provide informed consent due to situation (e.g. influence from authority)
42
Q

Stanley Milgram conformity experiment

A
  • Conducted in 1961
  • Deceived people into thinking they were electrically shocking someone for answering questions incorrectly
  • Tested how far people would go when faced with pressure from authority figure
43
Q

Confederate

A

Researcher acting as a participant

44
Q

Define correlation and list the 3 types

A
  • Representation of the type and strength of a relationship b/w 2 variables (denoted w/ “r”)
  • Positive correlation: As one variable increases/decreases, the other does the same (data points go from bottom L to top R)
  • Negative correlation: As one variable increases/decreases, the other does the opposite (data points go from bottom R to top L)
  • Zero correlation: No relation b/w variables
45
Q

Line of best fit

A

Straight line that shows the general relationship of data points

46
Q

How can you tell the strength of correlation numerically?

A

Variable r can range from -1 to +1. The closer r is to either 1 = stronger

47
Q

Correlation does not equal ___?

A

Causation (correlation does not necessarily indicate the “why”)

48
Q

Confounding variable

A

Other variable that may have influence on variable(s)

49
Q

Hypothesis & its 5 requirements

A

Educated prediction on outcome of experiment (explains cause-and-effect relationship; “if ___ then ___ will happen”)
Should be…:
- consistent w/ prior observations
- simple
- specific
- testable
- falsifiable

50
Q

Operational definition

A

How researcher decides to measure a variable

51
Q

Experimental hypothesis

A

What’s expected to happen if prediction is correct

52
Q

Independent dependent variables

A
  • Independent: Variable that’s manipulated, has 2 levels (experimental and control groups) and goes on x-axis*
  • Dependent: Variable that’s measured and goes on y-axis* (the effect)

*if both variables are dependent, it doesn’t matter which access they’re on

53
Q

4 types of samples

A

1) Simple random: Everyone in population has equal chance of participating
2) Stratified random: Random selection in proportion to population of interest
3) Non-random: Selects participants and unequal chance of participation
4) Convenience sample: Selected b/c of pre-existing condition, convenience/easy access

54
Q

Experimental vs control group and their purpose

A
  • Experimental: Identical to control group but receives treatment
  • Control: Identical to experimental group but doesn’t receive treatment
  • Affects of treatment/lack thereof are observed
55
Q

Placebo effect

A

Belief that something will have an affect when it doesn’t

56
Q

Placebo groups

A

Group given placebo to reduce/remove beliefs and expectations that might influence behaviour

57
Q

Explain internal validity, external validity and generalization

A
  • Internal validity: Extent that results can be caused by independent variable over other effects on experiment (truth in study)
  • External validity: Extent that result can be applied beyond experiment (truth irl)
  • Generalization: External validity of how results can be applied elsewhere
58
Q

Post-truth

A

When objective facts are less influential than statements that appeal to emotional and personal beliefs and have no evidence

59
Q

Mere exposure effect

A

Being exposed to an idea so frequently from different sources that you believe it’s true

60
Q

Theory

A

Generally described belief that can be tested in many ways

61
Q

Truth by association

A

Assuming that correlation = causation

62
Q

Descriptive vs inferential stats

A
  • Descriptive: Simply describes data w/ quantitative values
  • Inferential: Infers about relation b/w IV and DV
63
Q

Central tendency and its 3 types

A
  • Score that best represents others
  • Mean: Avg score
  • Median: Middle score
  • Mode: Most frequent score
64
Q

Variability

A

Difference b/w groups that fills in missing details that can’t be provided by mean (e.g. standard deviation)

65
Q

Variation

A

Average of the square root of deviation scores

66
Q

Normal distribution/bell curve

A

Data represented symmetrically w/ one peak in the middle (mean) and spread of data gets smaller the further from peak (SD)

67
Q

IQR

A

Range of middle 50% of data (25th-75th percentile)

68
Q

T-tests

A

Test to compare means of 2 data sets and collected fr smaller samples

PSYA01 (8 decks)

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