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Psychology GRE > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Ernst Weber

A

1834, De Tactu, investigation of muscle sense, just noticeable difference (jnd) in sensation

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2
Q

Gustav Fechner

A

relatinoship between physical stimuli and psychological responses to stimuli, Weber’s Law

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3
Q

Weber’s Law

A

mathematical expression of Weber’s discovery about just noticeable differences - states that the change in stimulus intensity needed to produce a jnd divided by the stimulus intensity of the standard stimulus is a constant, fits data except at very low and very high intensities

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4
Q

Sir Francis Galton

A

one of the first researchers interested in individual differences, measured sensory abilities of nearly 10,000 people

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5
Q

Max Wertheimer (1880-1943

A

Gestalt psychology founder, phi phenomenon

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6
Q

Absolute threshold

A

minimum of stimulus energy that is needed to activate a sensory system

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7
Q

Limen

A

threshold

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8
Q

Subliminal perception

A

perception of stimuli below a threshold

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9
Q

Difference threshold

A

how different two stimuli must be before they are perceived to be different

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10
Q

Just noticeable difference

A

amount o fchange necessary to predict the difference between two stimuli

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11
Q

Fechner’s law

A

relationship between ntensity of sensation and intensity of hte stimulus, derived from Weber’s law, sensation increases more slowly as intensity increases

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12
Q

Steven’s power Law

A

relates intensity of the stimulus to the intensity of the sensation 20th century, suggested Fechner’s law might be incorrect

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13
Q

Signal detection theory

A

other, nonsensory factors influence what the subject says she senses including experiences, motives and expectations

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14
Q

Response Bias

A

refers to the tendency of subjects to respond in a particular way due to nonsensory factors

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15
Q

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC)

A

employed by many researchers to graphically summarize a subject’s responses by measuring hte operating (sensitivity) characteristics of a subject receiving signals

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16
Q

John A. Swets

A

refined the use of ROC curves

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17
Q

Transduction

A

translation of physical energy into neural impulses or action potentials, electrochemical energy is sent to various projection areas in the brain along with various neural pathways to be processed in the nervous system

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18
Q

Cornea

A

clear domelinke window int he front of the eye, gathers and focuses the incoming light

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19
Q

Pupil

A

hole in the iris contracts in bright light and expands in dim light to let mroe likght in

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20
Q

Iris

A

colored part of the eye, has involuntary muscles and autonomic nerve fibers, controls size of pupil and amount of light entering the eye

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21
Q

Lens

A

lies right behind the iris helps control the curvature of the light coming in and can focus near or distant onjects on the retina

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22
Q

Retina

A

back of the eye and like a screen filled with neural elements and blood vessels, image-detecting part of the eye

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23
Q

Duplexity/Duplicity theory of vision

A

retina contains two kinds of photoreceptors, organization of retinal cells makes light pass through intermediate sensory neurons before reaching and stimulating the photoreceptors

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24
Q

Rods

A

best in reduced illumination, perception of only achromatic coors, low sensitivity to detail and are not involved in color vision

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25
Q

Cones

A

color vision, perceiving fine detail, most effective in bright light and allow us to see chromatic and achromatic colors

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26
Q

Fovea

A

contains only cones, middle of the eye - as you move farther away less cones

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27
Q

bipolar neurons

A

connect rods and cones and ganglion cells

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28
Q

Ganglion Cells

A

connect bipolar neurons and form optic nerve, each cell represents combined imput of many rods and cones, loss of detail as information from the photorecepters is combined

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29
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

fibers from the nasal half of the retina cross paths

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30
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus

A

part of the thalumus, used for vision

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31
Q

Used for vision

A

lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, visual cortex in the occipital lobe, superior colliculus

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32
Q

Feature Detection Theory

A

Hubel and Wiesel figured out the neural basis in 1981 using single cell recording, certain cells in the cortex are maximally sensitive to certain features of stimuli, simple, complex, and hypercomplex cells

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33
Q

Simple Cells

A

Feature Detection Theory, information about orientation and boundaries of an object

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34
Q

Complex Cells

A

Feature Detection Theory, information about orientation such as movement

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35
Q

Hypercomplex Cells

A

Feature Detection Theory, abstract concepts such as object shape

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36
Q

Illumination

A

physical, objective measurement that is simply the amount of light falling on a surface

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37
Q

Brightness

A

subjective impression of the intensity of a light stimulus

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38
Q

Rhodopsin

A

photochemical in the rods, made up of vitamin A derivative, called retinal and a protein called opsin, bleached when

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39
Q

Bleaching

A

When a molecule of rhodopsin absorbs a photon of light, the pigment begins to decompose, or split, into retinene and opsin – takes time for pigments to regenerate

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40
Q

Simultaneous brightness contrast

A

a target area of a particular luminance appears brighter when surrounded by a darker stimulus than when surrounded by a lighter stimulus

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41
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

explanation for simultaneous brightness contrast, adjacent retinal cells inhibit one another, if a cell is exhited, other ones around it will be inhibited - sharpens and highlights borders between dark and light

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42
Q

Dark Adaptation

A

regeneration of rhodopsin, the photopigment in the rods allowing you to see in the dark, requires vitamin A

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43
Q

Color perception

A

wavelength of light entering the eye (400 - 800 nanometers for humans)

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44
Q

Subtractive color mixture

A

mix pigments

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45
Q

Additive color mixing

A

red and green lights give you yellow, blue green and red are the primary colors

46
Q

Young-Helmotz Theory/Trichormatic thoery

A

retina contains three different types of color receptors (cones) which are differentially sensitive to different colors, one maximally sensitive to red, one to blue, and one to free, all colors are produced by combined stimulation, ratio of stimulation that determines color

47
Q

Ewald Herings’s criticism of trichromatic theory/opponent-process theory of color vision

A

yellow must be a primary color along with red blue and green, arranged in opposing pairs, including black white

48
Q

Afterimages

A

inspired Hering’s theory - appears after prolonged or intense exposure to a stimulus, opposite of original stimulus

49
Q

George Berkeley 1709

A

listed various cues for depth

50
Q

Interposition/Overlap

A

cue for depth perception when one object covers or overlapes with another

51
Q

Relative Size

A

cue for dept perception, as an object gets farther away its image on the retina gets smaller

52
Q

Linear Perspective

A

convergence of parallel lines in teh distance

53
Q

Texture gradients

A

depth cue, JJ Gibson, variations in perceived surface texture as a function of distance from the observer, farther away have smaller more densely packed elements

54
Q

MOtion Parallax

A

objects closer move in the same direction as you, different speeds as it gets closer to you

55
Q

Kinetic Depth Effect

A

object rather than the perceiver moves, the motion of that object gives us cues about relative dept of parts of the object, special kind of motion parallax

56
Q

Binocular Disparity/Stereopsis/Binocular Depth Cue

A

depends on the fact that distance between the eyes provides us with two slightly disparate views of the world

57
Q

Binocular Parallax

A

degree of disparity bewtween the retinal images of the eyes due to the slight differences in the horizontal position of each eye

58
Q

figure

A

perception of form, integrated visual experience that stands out at the center of attention

59
Q

Ground

A

background against which the figure appears, perception of form

60
Q

Law of proximity

A

elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit

61
Q

Law of similarity

A

objects taht are similar tend to be grouped together

62
Q

law of good continuation

A

elements that appear to follow the same direction tend to be grouped together

63
Q

Subjective contours

A

shapes that are not present in the physical stimulus

64
Q

Law of closure

A

when a space is enclosed by a contour it tends to be perceived as a figure, certain figures tend to be perceived as more complete than they really are

65
Q

Law of pragnanz

A

encompasses the other gestalt laws that explain form perception, says that perceptual organization will always be regular, simple and symmetric as possible

66
Q

Theory of Isomorphism

A

Wolfgang Kohler, one-to-one correspondence between teh object int eh perceptual field and the pattern of stimulation in the brain, hasn’t faired well empirically

67
Q

Bottom up processing

A

data-driven processing, object perception that responds directly to the components of incoming stimulus on the basis of fixed rules, sums up the componenents to arrive at the whole pattern, such as in feature detection

68
Q

Top-down processing

A

object perception that is guided by conceptual processes such as memories and expectations that allow the brain to recognize the whole object and then recognize the componenets

69
Q

Apparent motion

A

illusion that occurs when two dots flashed in different locations on a screen seconds apart are perceived as one moving dot (stroboscopic movement)

70
Q

Induced motion

A

illusion of movement occurring when everything around the spot of light is moved

71
Q

autokinetic effect

A

illusion that occurs when a spot of light appears to move erratically in a dark room simply because there is no frame of reference

72
Q

motion aftereffect

A

you first view a moving pattern, such as stripes moving off to the right and then you view a spot of light and the light appears to move in teh opposite direction

73
Q

distal stimulus

A

actual object or event out there in the world

74
Q

proximal stimulus

A

information our sensory receptors receive about the object

75
Q

Emmert’s Law

A

size constancy depends on apparent distance, farther away the object appears to be, the more the scaling device in the brain will compensate for its retinal size by enlarging our perception of the object

76
Q

Ames Room

A

difference in distance creates difference in size perceived

77
Q

Moon illusion

A

moon on horizon appears larger than at zenith, distance cues

78
Q

Shape constancy

A

door is a rectangle no matter if open or closed

79
Q

Lightness constancy

A

despite changes in the amount of light falling on an object, apparent lightness remains unchanged

80
Q

Color constancy

A

perceived color of an object does not change when we change hte weavelength of the light we see

81
Q

Illusions

A

Muller Lyer, Hering, Ponzo, Wundt, Poggendorff

82
Q

ePreferential Looking

A

two different stimuli are presented side by side, amount of time spent looking at each is recodrded, if theres a difference it can be inferred that the infant can discriminate between the two stimuli

83
Q

Habituation

A

new stimulus is presented to an infant, infant will orient toward it, infant remains disinterested with new stimulus if he cannot differentiate

84
Q

Visual Cliff

A

1960s, Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk, table set up to create the illusion tha thte left half of the table is much lower than the right half, even small infants perceive cliff, do not try and cross

85
Q

Frequency

A

number of cycles per second measured in Hz, inversely related to wavelength, human sensitivity is 20 to 20000

86
Q

Intesnity

A

amplitude or height of the air pressure waver, measured in bels, tenths of a bel is a decibel, loudness

87
Q

Timbre

A

quality of a particiular sound

88
Q

Pinna

A

fleshy part of the ear visible from the outside, where sound wave first reaches

89
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A

eardrum, vibrates in phase with incoming sound waves, moving back and forth at a high rate for high-frequency sounds and more slowly for low-frequency sounds

90
Q

Ossicles

A

tiny bones in middle ear, hammer, anvil and stirrup, malleus, inclus and stapes, transmit vibrations of the tympanum to the inner ear

91
Q

Oval window

A

entrance to the inner ear

92
Q

Cochlea

A

filled with saltwater like fluid, inner ear

93
Q

Basilar membrane

A

in cochlea, organ of Corti which is composed of thousands of hair cells which are receptors for hearing, when the bend electrical signal to nerve fiber to auditory nerve

94
Q

`Auditory Pathway

A

auditory nerve to the superior olive to the inferieor colliculus to the medial geniculate nucleus in the thalamus to the temporal cortex

95
Q

Helmholtz’s Place-Resonance Theory

A

each different pitch causes a different place on the basilar membrane to vibrate, each causing a different hair cell to bend - tones higher than 4000 hz, 500 to 4000

96
Q

Frequency theory

A

basilar membrane vibrates as a whole, rate of bivration equals the frequency of teh stimulus - tones up to 500 hz and up to 4000

97
Q

Von Bekesy’s Travelling Wave Theory

A

early 1960s movement of the basilar membrane is maximal at a different place along hte basilar membrane for each different frequency, whole thing vibrates for any given stimulus, high frequencies vibrate close to the oval window, low near the apex or tip of the cochlea

98
Q

Papillae

A

taste buds found on these little bumps

99
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

holds smell receptors

100
Q

Smell Information

A

Ofactory Bulb in brain

101
Q

Taste information

A

taste center in thalamus

102
Q

SOmatosensory cortex

A

touch, parietal lobe

103
Q

two-point theory

A

refers to the minimum distance necessary between two poitns of stimulation on the skin such athat the points will be felt as two distinct stimuli

104
Q

Physiological zero

A

temperature is judged relative to temperature of the skin or

105
Q

Gate theory of pain

A

Ronal d Melzach, Patric Wall, gating turns pain on and off, spinal cord

106
Q

Proprioception

A

sense of boldily position

107
Q

Vestibular sense

A

sense of balance and our bodily position relative to gravity inner ear above and behind the cochlea

108
Q

Kinesthetic sense

A

awareness of body movement and position, muscle,tendon and joint receptors are at or near them

109
Q

Donald Broadbent

A

selective attention acts as a filter between sesnory stimuli and processing systems, all or nothing

110
Q

dichotic listening

A

listeneres can listen to one stim and dampen out the thother

Psychology GRE (8 decks)

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