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Physiological Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Franz Gall (1758-1828)

A

earliest theories that behavior, intellect, and even personlaity might be linked to brain anatomy - phrenology

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2
Q

Pierre Flourens

A

19th century, first to study major sections of the brain, extirpation/ablation

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3
Q

Extirpation/Ablation

A

various parts of the brain are surgically removed and behavioral consequences are observed. brain had specific parts for specific functions, removal of one part weakes the whole brain

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4
Q

William James (1842-1910)

A

mind functioned in an adapting environment, formed functionalism

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5
Q

Functionalism

A

James, how mental processes help individuals adapt tot their environments

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6
Q

John Dewey

A

1959 - 1952, functionalism, criticized the concept of reflex arc, study the organism as a whole

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7
Q

Paul Broca

A

1960, studied people with brain damage, Broca’s area

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8
Q

Phineas Gage

A

1848, “no longer gage”, knowledge of the prefrontal cortex

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9
Q

Johannes Muller

A

nervous system underlies behavior, law of specific nerve energies

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10
Q

Law of specific Nerve Energies

A

Johannes Muller, each sensory nerve is excited by only one kind of energy, sensation depends more ont he part of the brain that the nerves stimulate than ont he particular stimulus that activates them

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11
Q

Hermann von Helmholtz

A

speed of nerve impulse, transition of psychology into natural sciences

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12
Q

Sir Charles Shrrington

A

inferred existence fo synapses, although he thought it was electrical even thoguh it is chemical

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13
Q

Sensory neurons (afferent neurons)

A

from receptors in the spinal cord and brain

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14
Q

motor neurons (efferent neurons)

A

motor information from brain and spinal cord to the muscles

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15
Q

Interneurons

A

between other neurons, most numerous, located predominantly in the brain and spinal cord linked to reflexive behavior

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16
Q

Reflex Arcs

A

You understand these

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17
Q

Central Nervous System

A

brain and spinal cored

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18
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

nerve tissue and fibers outside the brain and spinal cord, subdivided into somatic and autonomic nervous systems

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19
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Part of peripheral nervous system, sensory and motor neurons distributed throughout the skin and muscles, efferent and afferent fibers

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20
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

part of peripheral nervous system, Walter Cannon, regulates heartbeat, respiration and digestions, and glandular secretion, automatic functions, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

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21
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Conserves energy, part of autonomic nervous system, resting and digestingAcetylcholine

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22
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

part of autonomic nervous system, fight or flight, decrease digestive, adrenaline

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23
Q

Hindbrain

A

where the brain meets the spinal cord, balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, and general arousal such as sleeping and waking, vital survival functions

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24
Q

Midbrain

A

sensorimotor reflexes that promote survival, receives sensory and motor information, involuntary reflex in response to visual or auditory

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25
Q

Forebrain

A

complex perceptual cognitive and behavioral processes, emotion and memory, greatest influence on human behavior

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26
Q

Brainstem

A

most primitive region of the brain, hindbrain and midbrain

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27
Q

Limbic System

A

neural structures primarily assocated with emotion and memory, aggression, fear, pleasure and pain

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28
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres, language processing to problem solving,impulse control to long term planning

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29
Q

Phelogeny

A

evolutionary development in humans

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30
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

vital functioning (breathing, digesting) hindbrain

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31
Q

Pons

A

sensory and motor tracts between cortex and medulla, hindbrain

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32
Q

Cerebellum

A

posture and balance, coordinates body, refined motor movements

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33
Q

Reticular Formation

A

hindbrain to midbrain, arousal and alertness, attention, anasthetics

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34
Q

Colliculi

A

Superior and Inferior Colliculus

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35
Q

Superior Colliculus

A

visual sensory input, midbrain “sees”

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36
Q

Inferior colliculus

A

sensory information from the auditory system, midbrain

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37
Q

Thalamus

A

forebrain, sensory “way-station”,

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38
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Hunger and thirst; emotion, hormone functions, drive behaviors, fight or flight - feeding, fighting, fleeing and sexual functioning (4 Fs)

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39
Q

Osomoregulation

A

maintenance of water balance in teh body (osmo receptors hypothalamus)

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40
Q

Walter Cannon

A

Peripheral Nervous System, homeostasis

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41
Q

Lateral Hypothalamus

A

hunger center

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42
Q

Aphagia

A

Lateral hypothalamus is destroyed and lab rats die of hunger/thirst do not feed themselves

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43
Q

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

A

satiety center, tells you when you’ve had enough to eat

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44
Q

Hyperphagia

A

brain lesions in ventromedial hypothalamus lead to obesity, unknown when they are full

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45
Q

Anterior Hypothalamus

A

electrical stimulation casues aggressive sexual behavior,damage causes permanent inhibition of sexual activity

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46
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

msucle movement, receives information from teh spinal cord- may play a role in Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia

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47
Q

Extrapyramidal motor system

A

gathers information about body position from the basal ganglia and carries this information to the brain and spinal cord, makes movements smooth and posture steady

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48
Q

Ventricles

A

fluid-filled cavaties in the middle of the brain that link up with the spinal canal that runs down the middle of the spinal cord, filled with cerebrospinal fluid, abnormally enlarged ones are seen in social withdrawal, flat affect and catatonic states seen inschizophrenia

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49
Q

Limbic System

A

interconnected structures looping around the central portion of the brain, emotion and memory, septum, amygdala, hippocampus, some hypothalamus and cortex, lies in oldest part of cerebral hemispheres, second part of the brain to evolve

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50
Q

Septum/Septal area

A

primary pleasure centers int eh brain, part of limbic system, stimulation causes sexual arousal and pleasure reward sites and inhibits aggression, if damaged aggressive behavior goes unchecked

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51
Q

James Olds and Peter Milner

A

rats septal regions stimulated, found it so pleasrueable that they preferred it to eating,

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52
Q

Septal Rage

A

septal area damaged and aggressive beahvior goes unchecked

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53
Q

Amygdala

A

defensive and aggressive behaviors, when damaged aggression and fear are reduced and hypersexuality

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54
Q

Heinrick Kluver and Paul Bucy/Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

A

linked amygdala with defensive and aggressive behavior in monkeys , syndrome resulting from bilateral removal of amygdala

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55
Q

Hippocampus

A

learning and memory processes, HM

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56
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

not being able to establish new long-term memories, memory for distant events intact (HM)

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57
Q

Retrograde amnessia

A

loss of events that transpired before brain injury

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58
Q

Brenda Milner

A

described HMs memory problems in detail (anterograde amnesia)

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59
Q

Cerebral Cortex/Neocortex

A

outer surface of the brain, convulsions (numerous bumps and folds)

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60
Q

Frontla Lobe

A

Prefrontal cortex and motor cortex

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61
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

executive function, supervises and directs the operations of other brain regions

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62
Q

Association Area

A

ex. prefrontal cortex, an area that combines input from diverse brain regions

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63
Q

Projection areas

A

receive incoming sensory information or send out motor-impulse commands, ex. visual cortex, motor cortex

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64
Q

Prefrontal lobotomies

A

used to treat schizophrenia in 1950s

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65
Q

Motor Cortex

A

initiates voluntary motor movements by sending neural impulses down the spinal cord twoard the muscles, projection area

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66
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

somatosensory cortex, spatial processing and manipulation

67
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

parietal lobe, somatosensory information processing, projection area destination for all incoming sensory singnals for touch, pressure, temparature and pain

68
Q

Occipital Lobes

A

visual cortex (striate cortex), learning, motor control

69
Q

Striate Cortex

A

Visual Cortex

70
Q

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel

A

work on the physiology of visual perception

71
Q

Temporal Lobes

A

auditory cortex and Wernike’s area, memory processing, emotional control, language, hippocampus

72
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

language reception and comprehension

73
Q

Ipsilaterally

A

matching hemisphere controls matching side of body

74
Q

Roger Sprerry and Michael Gazzaniga

A

effects of severing the corpus callosum, split brain

75
Q

The cell body

A

Soma, contains nucleus, energy center

76
Q

Dendrites

A

branch out from cell body to receive incoming information from other neurons via postsynaptic receptors, external stimulation leads nureon to fire or generate an electrical impulse

77
Q

Axon

A

end branches out into numerous terminal buttons

78
Q

Terminal Buttons

A

end of axon containing vesicles, sacs, filled with neurotransmitters

79
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical substances released when neuron fires, flow into tny space separating terminal uttons from dendrites of another neuron (synapse!)

80
Q

Glial Cells

A

insulate axons with protective myelin sheath

81
Q

Resting POtential

A

slight electrical charge (negative) stored inside the neuron’s cell membrane, wiating to be transformed into a nerve impulse, - 70 mV

82
Q

Cell Membrane/Membrane Potential

A

thin layer of fatty molecules that separates hte inside of the neuron from the outside, semipermeable

83
Q

Ions

A

small ones can pass through the cell membrane but larger ones are blocked

84
Q

Polarized

A

charge outside the neuron is more positive, negative charge inside, resting stage

85
Q

Sodium-Potassium Pump

A

Potassium ions located inside the cell Sodium Outside, actively pumps Sodium out to keep resting potential, keeps Potassium in

86
Q

Depolarization

A

second stage of action potential, occurs when a stimulus ahas been significant enough to cause the membrane’s potential to increase to the threshold (-50 mV from -70 mV), actual firing of neuron

87
Q

Action Potential Spike

A

when membrane produces rapid electrical pulse after reaching threshold/depolarization, membrane suddenly allows in sodium ions

88
Q

Repolarization

A

third step of action potential, allows positive potassium to exit the cell

89
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

last stage of action potential, cell overshoots negative charge after repolarization

90
Q

Refractory period

A

time before the neuron can fire again, absolute refractory and relative refractory

91
Q

Absolute Refractory Period

A

achievement of action potential, neuron is completely unresponsive to additional stimulation

92
Q

Relative Refractory Period

A

once neuron has reached potential spike, during hyper polarization a stronger stimulation is required to reach threshold potential

93
Q

All-or-nothing law

A

when depolarization reaches critical threshold (-50 mV) the neuron is going to fire, each time, every time

94
Q

Axon Hillock

A

small elevation on a neuron where the axon meets the cell body wher ethe action potential originates, graded potential in the cell body is converted into the all or nothing potential of the axon

95
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

efficient conduction along a myelinated axon

96
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

gapes in myelinated sheath along the axon, depolarization occurs at the node, jumping from node to node

97
Q

Synapse

A

Synaptic Cleft

98
Q

Presynaptcic Membrane

A

membrane of the terminal button that faces the synapse, stores vesicles that store neurotransmitters

99
Q

Postsynaptic membrane

A

within dendrite has receptors

100
Q

Reuptake

A

when neurotransmitters are drawn back into the vesicles of the terminal buttons

101
Q

Binding

A

neurotransmitters fitting to receptors

102
Q

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

A

postsynaptic potential that makes a neuron more likely to fire

103
Q

Inhibitory POstsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

A

makes a neuron less likely to fire

104
Q

Graded potentials

A

postsynaptic potentials in the dendrites have voltage that can vary in intensity, not subject to the all or nothing law, depend on neurotransmitters

105
Q

Eric Kandle

A

simple neural networks in aplysia, snails with identifiable nerve cells - reflexes, habituation

106
Q

Acetylocholine

A

neurotransmitter found in both the central and eripheral nervous systems, used ot ransmit nerve impulses to the muscles, linked to Alzheimers (loss of this neurotransmitter in the hippocampus)

107
Q

Catecholamines

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, also called monoamines or biogenic amines, experience of emotions

108
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Catecholamine, also known as noradrenaline, controls alertness and wakefulness, implicated in depression and mania, too much is mania, ltoo little and depression

109
Q

Dopamine

A

Catecholamine, movement and posture, high concentrations found inb asal ganglia, imbalance in transmission have been found in schizophrenia, amphetamines produce excessive amounts, phenothiazines reduces sensitivity of these receptors

110
Q

Phenothiazines

A

reduce the sensitivity of dopamine receptors

111
Q

Tardive dyskinesia

A

disruptions of dopamine transmission lead to jerky movements associated with Parkinson’s, side effects of long-term antipsychotic medication for schizophrenia

112
Q

L-dopa

A

treatment for motor distrubances in Parkinson’s , increases dopamine levels, can produce psychotic symptoms

113
Q

Serotonin

A

monoamine or biogenicamine transmitter, regulates mood, eating, sleeping and arousal, role in depression and mania

114
Q

Monoamine Theory of depression

A

grouping together of serotonin and norepinephrine effects on mania and depression

115
Q

GABA

A

produces inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and is thought to play an important role in stabilizing neural activity, causes hyperpolarization in the postsynaptic membrane, anxiety disordered

116
Q

Peptides

A

two or more aminoacids joined together, ex. endorphins and enkephalins

117
Q

Neuromodulators/Neuropeptides

A

longer effects on postsynaptic cell than neurotransmitters

118
Q

Endorphins

A

Peptide/Neuromodulator pain killer

119
Q

Sedative-hypnotic drugs/depressants

A

slow down the functioning of the central nervous system, reduce anxiety, produce sedation, or anesthesia, synergistic, includes benzodiazepines and barbiturates, GABA

120
Q

Synergistic

A

additive in effect

121
Q

Barbituates

A

relatively potent tranquilizers

122
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

tranquilizers used for anxiety

123
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

chronic alcoholics, disturbances in memory, major sympotoms is anterograde amnesia, vitamin deficiency in thiamin, vitamin B1, malnutrition found in alcoholics

124
Q

Behavioral Stimulants

A

increase behavioral activity by increasing motor activity or counteracting fatigue, amphetamines

125
Q

amphetamines

A

behavioral stimulants that speed up the central nervous system in ways that mimc the action of sympathetic nervous system, stimulate receptors for dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin

126
Q

Antidepressants

A

behavioral stimulants, tricyclics and monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors

127
Q

Trycyclic antidepressants

A

facilitate transmission of norepinephrine or serotonin in the synapse, block reuptake of monoamines

128
Q

MAO inhibitors

A

inhibit the action of MAO enzyme which normally breaks down and deactivates norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapse

129
Q

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

A

Prozac, inhibits reuptake of serotonin

130
Q

Methylphenidate

A

Ritalin, treat children with ADD, increases alertness and decreases motor activity, amphetamine

131
Q

Thorazine, Chlorpromazine, Phenothiazine, Haloperidol (Haldol)

A

antipsychotic drugs for delusional thinking, hallucinations, agitation, commonly associated with schizophrenia, block receptor sites for dopamine, difficult for dopamine to bind

132
Q

Lithium Carbonate

A

prescribed ofr bipolar, prevents mood swings

133
Q

Opium, Heroin, and morphine

A

narcotics, pain relievers, bind directly to opiate receptors in the brain, mimic endorphines or naturally occuring painkillers

134
Q

Psychedelics

A

alter sensory and cognitive processes

135
Q

Endocrine System

A

thyroid - body growth, epinephrine (also neurotransmitter) for fight or flight, sexual function

136
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

base of the brain

137
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland

A

regulates activities of endocrine glands, controled by hypothalamus, effect primary and secondary sex characteristics

138
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

present at birth

139
Q

Secondary sex characterics

A

present after puberty

140
Q

Androgens

A

male development hormone during fetal development, testosterone

141
Q

Androgen-insensitivity syndrome

A

if the fetus does not produce or cannot use androgens, follows female pattern

142
Q

Gonadoptropic Hormons/Gonadotropins

A

puberty pituitary gland produces thse, dramatic increase in the production of hormones by the testes or ovaries

143
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

pituitary glad secretes, stimulates the gorowth of an ovarian follicale which is a small-protective sphere surrounding the egg or ovum

144
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

associated with ovulation, release of the egg from one fothe ovaries

145
Q

Estrogen

A

associated with maturation and release of the egg from the ovary

146
Q

Progesterone

A

prepare the uterus for implantation oft he fertizlized egg

147
Q

Sterotaxic instrument

A

device used to locate brain areas when electrodes are implanted to amake leasions or stimulate nerve cell activity

148
Q

Wilder Penfield

A

electrically stimulating and recording brain activity, leads individual neurons to fire

149
Q

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel

A

single-cell recording, visual cortex of cats

150
Q

electroencephalograph

A

produces EEG

151
Q

rCBF regional cerebral blood flow

A

detects patterns fo neural activity based on increased blood flow to different parts of the brain - CAT PET and MRI

152
Q

A.R. Luria

A

wrote about many neuropsychological disorders

153
Q

Agnosia

A

impairment in visual recognition, cortical area results in visual agnosia

154
Q

Apraxia

A

impairment in the organization of motor action, problem i sin the damage to the nearby association area to the projection area in the motor cortex

155
Q

Dementias

A

loss in intellectual functioning, alzheimers, huntington’s chorea and parkinsons disease,

156
Q

Sleep Stage 1

A

appearance of sleep spindles, short bursts of alpha waves

157
Q

Stage 2

A

theta waves , K complexes

158
Q

Stage 3

A

few sleep waves her second, delta waves

159
Q

Stage 4

A

delta is slowest, sleep spindles are steepest

160
Q

Rapid Eye Movement

A

look like beta, desynchronized, eyes constantly moving

161
Q

James-Langeu Theory

A

late 19th century, we become aware of our emotion after we notice our physiological reactions

162
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

awareness of emotions reflects our physiological arousal and our cognitive experience, occur simultaneously

163
Q

Schacter-Singer Theory/Two-factor theory of emotion

A

subjective experience of emotion is based on interaction between changes in pysiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of tha arousal, individual’s appraisal of the situation determines hte interpretation

Psychology GRE (8 decks)

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