Research Design, Statistics, Tests, and Measurements Flashcards
William Wundt
1879 first psychology lab
Hermann Ebbinhaus
higher mental processes could be studied using experimental methodology - memory with nonsense syllables
Oswald Kulpe
strongly believed you could have imagelsess thought, against Wundt
Cattell
introduced mental testing
Binet-Simon Test
1905 - assess intelligence in French school children
Binet
mental age
William Stern
equation to compare mental age to chronological age - intelligence quotient
Stanford -Binet Intelligence test
revised by Lewis Terman in 1916 from hte Binet-Simon test for use int eh United States
Operational definition
state how the researcher will measure the variables
Correlational Study
IV not manipulated
True Experiment
random assignment and manipulated IV
Quasi-experimental design
no random assignment, manipulated IV
Nonequivalent Group Design
control group is not necessarily similar to the experimental group since the researcher doesn’t use random assignment - common in educational research
Demand characteristics
any cues that suggest to subjects what the research erxpects from thm
Hawthorne effect
tendency of people to behave differently if they know that they are being observed - control group design helps with this since both groups are watched
descriptive statistics
organizing, describing, quantifying and usmmarizing a collection of actual observations
inferential statistics
researchers generalize beyond actual observations - making an inference from the sample involved in teh research to the population of interest
measures of central tendency
mean, median, and mode
measures of variability
range, standard deviation, and variance
Normal Curve
68, 96, 100 approx
Type I Error
Null is true, null is rejected
Type II Error
Null is false, accept null
Beta
probability of making a type two error
Chi-Square
tests the equality of two frequencies or proportions, categorical data
ANOVAs
how much group means differ frome ach other by comparing the between-group variance to the within-group variance F = between group / within group
Domain-referenced testing/criterion-referenced testing
concerned with teh quetsion of what the test taker knows about a specified content domain, ex. driver’s license = what’s important is the content not in relation to tohers
Split-Half Reliability
test-takers take only one test, but that one test is divided into equal halves, scores on one half are correlated with the scores on teh other half - >=.8 correlation is a high level
Content Validity
tes’ts coverage of a particular skill or knowledge area - asks the right quetsions
Face validity
whether or not the test items appear to measure what they are suposed to measure
Criterion validity
how well the test can predict an individual’s performance on an establisehd test of the same skil or knowlege area
Cross validation
testing the criterion validity of a test on a second sample after you demonstrated validity using an initial sample
Construct validity
how well performance on the test fits into the theoretical framework related to what it is you want the test to measure - using convergent and discriminate validity
Nominal Scale/Categorical
labels observations so that they can be categorized, girl-boy
Ordinal Scale
ranked in terms of size or magnitude, highest score on spelling test
Interval Scale
uses actual numbers, not ranks, number correct on a spelling test
Ratio Scaling
a true zero that indicates the total absence of the quantity being measured, not temperature - can use multiplication and division as well as addition and subtraction
aptitude tests
predict what one can accomplish through training, predict future preformance
achievement tests
assess what one knows already or can do now
ability tests
test problem solving ability
Ratio IQ
mental age/chornological age * 100, meaning IQ drops just because age increases at certain point
Deviation IQ
indicates how well a person performed on an IQ test relative to her/his same-age peers
Empirical Criterion-Keying Approach
tested thousands o fquestions and retained those that differentiated between paitent and nonpatient populations, Hathaaway and McKinley for MMPI
Projective Tests
stimuli are relatively ambiguous,asked to interpret rather than multiple choice - scoring is subjectie
Blacky Pictures
Projective test for children, dog for each psychosexual stage
Thematic Apperception Test
ambiguous scenes, projective test
Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank
Perception Test
Barnum Effect
tendency of peopel to accept and approve of the interpretation of their personality that you give them
Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory
organized like personality inventory, using empirical criterion keying approach, RIASEC sysetm
z score
your score over hte mean/standard deviation
