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Psychology GRE > Chapter 1 - Social Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Norman Triplett

A

first study of social psychology, effect of competition on performance

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2
Q

William McDougall and E.H.Ross

A

First textbooks on social psychology

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3
Q

Verplank

A

social approval influences behavior, contribution to reinforcement theory

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4
Q

Reinforcement Theory

A

Verplank, Pavlov, Thorndike, Hull, Skinner

behavior is motivated by anticipated rewards

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5
Q

Social Learning Theorists

A

Opposed early reinforcement theory, Albert Bandura

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6
Q

Albert Bandura

A

behavior is learned through imitation

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7
Q

Role Theory

A

people are aware of the social roles they are expected to fill and much of their observable behavior can be attributed to adopting those roles

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8
Q

Attitudes

A

cognitions or beliefs, feelings, and behavioral predispositions

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9
Q

Consistency theories

A

people prefer consistency, if there is inconsistency, people will try and resolve it

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10
Q

Fritz Heider’s Balance Theory

A

three elements are related: person whom we’re talking about (P), some other person(O), and a thing, ida, or some other person (X) - balance will exist if there are one or three positives

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11
Q

Leon Festinger’s Cognitive Dissonance Theory

A

behavior that conflicts with an attitude may result in changing one’s attitude so that it is consistent

  1. If a person is pressured to say or do something contrary to his or her privately held attitudes there will be a tendency for him or her to change those attitudes.
  2. The greater the pressure to comply, the less this attitude change. Ultimately, attidue change generally occurs when the behavioris induced with minimum pressure.
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12
Q

Free-choice Dissonance

A

a person makes a choice between several desirable alternatives

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13
Q

Post-decisional Dissonance

A

dissonance emerging after choice

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14
Q

Spreading of alternatives

A

relative worth of the two alternatives is spread apart (cognitive dissonance theory; accentuating the positive in a choice made reduces the value of a choice not made: choice A is better than choice B)

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15
Q

Forced-compliance dissonance

A

comes from anticipated punishment or reward, this dissonance is created by being forced into behavior

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16
Q

Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)

A

When behavior can be justified by means of external inducements there is no need to change internal cognitions (cognitive dissonance experiment)

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17
Q

Minimal Justification Effect/Insufficient Justification Effect

A

When external justification is minimal,dissonance is reduced by changing internal cognitions (cognitive dissonance theory)

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18
Q

Daryl Bem’s self-perception theory

A

people infer what their attitudes are based upon observation of their own behavior

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19
Q

Overjustification Effect

A

If you reward people for something they’re already doing, they may stop liking it

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20
Q

Carl Hovland

A

persuasion = the communicator, the communication, and the situation

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21
Q

Carl Hovland and Walter Weiss (1952)

A

study on source credibility, showed highly credible sources were more effective in short term, and sleeper effect

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22
Q

Sleeper Effect

A

Over time, persuasive impact of high credibility sources decrease and persuasive impact of low credibility sources increase (Hovland and Weiss 1952)

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23
Q

Petty and Cacioppo’s Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion

A

two routes to persuasion: central and peripheral

central: strength of argument matters
peripheral: surroundings and arguer matter

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24
Q

William McGuire

A

analogy of inoculation with cultural truisms - when not inoculated quite susceptible to attack

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25
Q

Belief perseverance

A

hold beliefs even after shown to be false

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26
Q

Reactance

A

try too hard to persuade someone of something they will choose to believe the opposite of yoru position

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27
Q

Leon Festinger’s Social Comparison Theory

A

we are drawn to affiliate because of a tendency to evaluate ourselves in relationship to other people

  1. People prefer to evaluate themselves by objective, nonsocial means. However when this is not possible, people evaluate their opinions and abilities by comparing them to those of other people.
  2. The Less the similarity between two people, the less the tendency to make these comparisons.
  3. When a discrepancy exists there is a tendency to change one’s position to move it in line with the group.
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28
Q

Stanley Shachter

A

greater anxiety does lead to greater desire to affiliate

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29
Q

Reciprocity Hypothesis

A

We tend to like people who indicate that they like us, and the inverse (dislike people who dislike us)

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30
Q

Aronson and Linder

A

Gain-Loss Principle

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31
Q

Gain-Loss Principle

A

Evaluation that changes will have more of an impact

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32
Q

Social Exchange Theory

A

People attempt to maximize rewards and minimize costs when making affiliation/attraction decisions.

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33
Q

Equity Theory

A

We consider not only our own costs and benefits of social exchanges but the costs and rewards of the other person. We prefer our ratio of costs to rewards be equal to the other person’s ratio.

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34
Q

Similarity

A

Correlations have been found between affiliation and similarity.

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35
Q

Need Complementarity

A

People choose relationships so that they mutually satisfy each other’s needs

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36
Q

Physical Attractiveness

A

A determinate of attraction

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37
Q

Attractiveness Stereotype

A

tendency to attribute positive qualities and desirable characteristics to attractive people

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38
Q

Spatial Proximity

A

People will generally develop a greater liking for someone who is closer in space.

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39
Q

Mere Exposure Hypothesis

A

Repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to nhanced liking for it

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40
Q

Robert Zajone

A

Key figure in mere-exposure research

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41
Q

Helping Behavior

A

Behaviors that benefit other individuals or groups of people, altruism is a type of helping behavior, so are acts motivated by egoism or selfishness

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42
Q

Altruism

A

person’s intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to himself or herself, type of helping behavior

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43
Q

John Darley and Bibb Latane

A

Bystander Intervention

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44
Q

Bystander Intervention

A

Darley and Latane, Tested social influence factors (steam from a radiator) and diffusion of responsibility factors (seizure over the internet)

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45
Q

Social Influence

A

Influence of other people present

46
Q

Pluralistic Ignorance

A

Leading others to a definition of an event as a nonemergency

47
Q

Diffusion of Responsibility

A

The fact that others are in a position to help may sway the person toward not helping.The more people present the less the likelihood that any individual will offer to help (Darley and Latane)

48
Q

Empathy

A

ability to vicariously experience the emotions of another

49
Q

Batson’s empathy-altruism model

A

In situations in which others may need help, people might feel distress and/or empathy, either can determine helping behavior

Subjects in the easy-escape condition reporting more distress than empathy tended to leave rather than help, subjects who reported more empathy than distress were more likely to help in both conditions.

50
Q

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

A

When people are frustrated, they act aggressively

51
Q

Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

A

Aggression is learned through modeling or through reinforcement, “Bobo” doll experiment

52
Q

Modeling

A

direct observation

53
Q

Autokinetic Effect

A

If you stare at a point of light in a room that is otherwise completely dark, the light will appear to move

54
Q

Muzafer Sherif

A

Individuals conformed to the group (autokinetic effect); their judgements converged on some group norm.

55
Q

Conformity

A

Yeilding to group pressure when no explicit demand has been made to do so

56
Q

Soloman Asch

A

Length of Lines Conformity Experiment

57
Q

Stanley Milgram’s Experiment

A

Results indicated that the drive to obey was stronger than the drive not to hurt someone against his will. In a separate study, two confederated defy the experiment, 90 % of subjects follow lead. With intermediary confederate to push button, more participants stayed until the end.

58
Q

Foot-in-the-door effect

A

Compliance with a small request increases the likelihood of compliance with a larger request

59
Q

Door-in-the-face effect

A

People who refuse a large initial request are more likely to agree to a later smaller request

60
Q

Clark and Clark (1947)

A

Doll preference task

61
Q

Doll Preference Task

A

Clark and Clark (1947) Majority of white and black children preferred white doll, used to argue against school segregation in 1954, later (1960s) black children held positive views of their own ethnicity

62
Q

Personal Identity

A

The more salient the identity, the more we conform to the role expectations of the identities

63
Q

Social Perception

A

Ways in which we form impressions about the characteristics of individuals and of groups of people

64
Q

Primacy Effect

A

Situations where first impressions are more important

65
Q

Recency Effect

A

Situations where the most recent impressions are the most important

66
Q

Attribution Theory

A

Individuals infer the causes of other people’s behavior - Heider: dispositional causes and situational causes

67
Q

Franz Heider

A

Balance Theory, founding father of attribution theory

68
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

General bias towards dispositional causes

69
Q

Halo Effect

A

Allow a general impression to influence other more specific evaluationsabout a person

70
Q

M. J. Lerner

A

tendency of individuals to believe in a just world, increases likelihood of blaming the victim

71
Q

Theodore Newcomb

A

demonstrating the influence of group norms, Bennington College Study

72
Q

Edward Hall

A

There are cultural norms that govern how far we stand from the people we’re speaking to

73
Q

Proxemics

A

study of how individuals space themselves in relation to others

74
Q

Zajonc

A

presence of others increases arousal, enhancing the emission of dominant responses

75
Q

Social Loafing

A

tendency for people to put forth less effort when part of a group effort than when acting individually

76
Q

Philip Zimbardo

A

people are more laikely to commit antisocial acts when they feel anonymous, prison simulation

77
Q

Deindividuation

A

loss of self-awareness and of personal identity

78
Q

Prison Simulation

A

Philip Zimbardo, overwhelmed by the roles they were playing, began acting out those roles forgetting that they were actually university students, deindividuation

79
Q

Irving Janis

A

Groupthink leads to wrong decisions

80
Q

Groupthink

A

tendency of decision-making groups to strive for consensus by not considering discordant information (ex. Bay of Pigs)

81
Q

Risky Shift

A

Group decisions are riskier than the average of individual choices

82
Q

Value Hypothesis

A

Risky shift occurs in situations where riskiness is culturally valued

83
Q

James Stoner

A

Shift with group decisions toward caution instead of risk

84
Q

Group Polarization

A

tendency for group discussion to enhance the group’s initial tendencies towards riskiness or caution

85
Q

Leadership and Communication

A

Artificially increasing the amount a person speaks increases that person’s perceived leadership status

86
Q

Kurt Lewin

A

Boy’s after school program leadership experiment -
Autocratic-quantity of work greater, hostile, aggressive, dependent on their leader
Democratic-motivation and interest stronger, satisfying, more cohesive
Laissez-Faire - least organized, least efficient, least satisfying

87
Q

Cooperation

A

Persons act together for their mutual benefit

88
Q

Competition

A

Person acts for his or her individual benefit for a goal that has limited availability

89
Q

Prisoner’s Dilemma

A

Look up in terms of comp/coop

90
Q

Muzafer Sherif

A

Cooperative activities promoted status hierarchy, role differentiation, norms for behavior, and self-adopted names, competition promoted name calling, physical encounters, and raids, contacts failed to reduce hostilities but superordinate goals were effective

91
Q

Superordinate goals

A

Goals best obtained through intergroup cooperation

92
Q

Aronson, E. Linder, D.

A

Proposed gain-loss principle(an evaluation that changes will have more effect than an evaluation that remains constant)

93
Q

Asch, S.

A

Studied conformity by asking subjects to compare the lenghts of lines

94
Q

Bem, D.

A

Developed self-perception theory as an alternative to cognitive dissonance theory

95
Q

Clark, K., Clark, M.

A

Performed study on doll preferences in African-American children: the results were used in teh 1954 Brown v. the Topeka Board of Education Supreme Court case.

96
Q

Darley, J., Latene, B.

A

Proposed that there were two factors that could lead to non-helping: social influence and diffusion of responsibility

97
Q

Eagly, A.

A

Suggested that gender differences in conformity were not due to gender per se, but to differing social roles

98
Q

Festinger, L.

A

Developed cognitive dissonance theory; also developed Social Comparison Theory

99
Q

Hall, E.

A

Studied norms for interpersonal distance in interpersonal interactions

100
Q

Heider, F.

A

Developed balance theory to explain why attitudes change; also developed attribution theory and divided attributions into two categories: dispositional and situational

101
Q

Hovland, C.

A

Studied attitude Change

102
Q

Janis, I.

A

Developed the concept of groupthink to explain how group decision-making can sometimes go awry.

103
Q

Lerner, M.

A

Proposed concept of belief in a just world.

104
Q

Lewin, K.

A

Divided leadership styles into three categories: autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire.

105
Q

McGuire, W.

A

Studied how psychological inoculation could help people resist persuasion.

106
Q

Milgram, S.

A

Studied obedience by asking subjects to administer electroshock; also proposed stimulus-overload theory to explain differences between city and country dwellers

107
Q

Newcomb, T.

A

Studied political norms

108
Q

Petty, R., Cacioppo, J.

A

Developed elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (central and peripheral routes to persuasion)

109
Q

Zajonc, R.

A

Studied the mere exposure effect; also resolved problems with social facilitation effect by suggesting that the presence of others enhances the emission of dominant responses and impairs the emission of nondominant responses

110
Q

Zimbardo, P

A

Performed prison simulation and used concept of deindividuation to explain results

Psychology GRE (8 decks)

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