Personality and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards
Personality
social skills and the salient impression one leaves on otehrs
William Sheldon
characterized people by body type, endomorphy, mesomophy, ectomorphy
Endomorphy
soft and spherical body type, sheldon
Mesomophy
hard, muscular, and rectangular body type, Sheldon
Ectomorphy
Lightly muscled body type, sheldon
E. G. Boring
Zeitgeist, changing spirit of the times caused development of psychology
Edward Titchener’s method of introspection
formed Structuralism
Functionalism
James, Dewey - stream of conscoiusness, studies how mind functions to help epeople adapt to environment; attacked structuralism
Behaviorism
Watson, Skinner, behavior is leanred as people interact with their environment John Dollard Neal Miller Ablbert Bandura, considers the symptoms to be the disorder not a manifestation of a disorder- psychology as objective study of behavior; attacked mentalism and the use of introspection; attacked structuralism and functionalism
Cognitive Psychology
Chomsky, behaviorism is not an adequate explanation for human behavior, humans think, believe, and are creative
Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud, existence of unconsscious internal states that motivate the overt actions of individuals and determine personality
Humanism
mid 20th centuryopposition to both psychoanlysis and behaviorism, believe in the notion of free wil and people should be considered as wholes rather than in terms of stimuli and responses (behaviorism) or instincts (psychoanalysis) Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers - Maslow, Rogers, looks at people as wholes; humans have free will; psychologists should study mentally healthy people, not just mentally ill/maladjusted ones
Sigmund Freud
first personality and abnormal personality theory
Philippe Pinel
1792, people with mental illness should be treated with consideration and kindness, beneficial effects
Dorothea Dix
1841-1881 US, advocate of treating hospitalized mentally ill in a humane way
General Paresis
delusions of grandeur, mental deterioration, eventual paralysis caused by pyphilis, idea that physiological factors could underlie mental disorders important andvance
Carletti and Bini
1938 electroshok, believed could cure schizophrenia (wrong)
Prefrontal Lobotomies
1935 and 1955 frontal lobes severed from brain , used to cure schizophrenia, did not, just made patient easier to handle
Antipsychotic drugs
1950s to treat schizophrenia major breakthrough
Emil Kraepelen
1883 classification as precursur to DSM
Id
reservoir of all psychic energy and consists of everything psychological that’s present at birth Functions according to the pleasure principle, whose aim is to immediately discharge any energy build up
Primary process
id’s response to frustration operating under the dictum of “obtain satisfaction now, not later”
Wish fulfillment
mental image of the object that can alleviate the frustration bringing about the primary process of the id
Ego
functions by secondary process or reality principle taking into account objective reality as it guides or inhibits the activity of the id and the id’s pleasure principle
Superego
not directly in touch with reality and strives for the ideal rather than the real , represents moral branch of personality striving for perfection conscience and ego-ideal
Conscience
whatever carefibers say is improper and the child is punshed for
Ego-ideal
whatever caregivers approve of and reward
Instinct
psychological representation of a bodily excitation
Eros
Life instincts (hunger, etc)
Thanatos
Death instincts (wish for quiet)
Libido
form of energy by which the life instincts perform their work
Defense Mechanisms
ego’s recourse to releasing excessive pressures due to anxiety - 2 characteristics 1) deny, falsify, or distort reality 2) operate unconsciously - 8 main ones
Repression
defense mechanism, unconscious forgetting of anxeity-producing memories
Suppression
defense mechanism, conscious form of forgetting
Projection
defense mechanism when a person attributes his forbdden urges to others, I hate my uncle -> my uncle hates me
Reaction Formation
defense mechanism, a repressed wish ins warded off by its diametrical opposite - a young boy who hates his brother is punshed for his hostile acts my turn his feelings into the exact opposite; he now showers his brother with affection
rationalization
defense mechanism socially acceptable explanation for inappropriate behavior or thoughts
Regression
reverting to an earlier stage of development defense mechanism
Sublimation
defense mechanism transforming unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors
Displacement
pent up feelings are discharged on objects and people less dangerous than those causing the feelings defense mechanism
Carl Jung
phychoanalytic theory, libido as psychic energy in vernal, ego as the concious mind, uncoscious into two parts: personal and collective - personality is made up of the interaction of four psychological functions: thinking, feeling, sensing and intuiting, one is more dominant than the other
Collective Unconscious
Carl Jung, residue of the experiences of our early ancestors, archetypes
Archetype
Carl Jung, thought or image that has an emotional element, part of the collective unconscious
Persona
mask that is adopted by a person in response to the demands of social convention, Carl Jung archetype
Anima
understand gender, the feminine behaviors in males, and the masculine behaviors in females, archetype, Carl Jung
Shadow
archetype, Carl Jung, consists of animal instincts that humans inherited in their evolution from lower forms of life, responsible for socially reprehensible thoughts feelings and actions
self
person’s striving for unity, intersection between collective unconscious and the conscious, a mandala or magic circle, reconciler of oppositses and the promoter of harmony, Jung, archetype
Extroversion
an orientation toward external objective world, Jung
Introversion
Jung, orientation toward inner, subjective world
Alfred Adler’s Theory
iturned attention to immediate social imperatives of family and society on their effects on uncincious factors, inferiority complex - striving towards supeiority drives the personality, striving is selfish and not socially oriented, becomes the root of personality disturbances - creative self and style of life, coined term “lifestyle”, fictional finalist
Creative Self
Alfred Adler, force by which each individual shapes his or her uniqueness and makes his or her own personality
Style of life
Albert Alfred, manifestation of the creative self and describes a person’s unique way of achieving superiority, Family envioronment is cruical in molding the person’s style of life
Fictional Finalism
an individual is motivated more by his or her expectations of the future than by past experiences, Albert Alfred, based on fictional values rather than objective ones from the past
Karen Horney
neurotic personality is governed by one of ten needs such as affection and approval, to exploit others, and self-sufficiency and independence - needs resemble healthy ones except for four respects: disproportionate in intensity, indiscriminate in application, partially disregard reality, have a tendency to provoke intense anxiety — to overcome anxiety children move toward people to obtain good will to privde security, moving against people, or fighting them to obtain the upper hand and moving away or withdrawing from people
Anna Freud
ego psychology
Erik Erickson
reworked Freud to cover entire lifespan, negative events or conflicts could have positive effects
Object Relation Theory
symbolic representation of a significant part of the young child’s personality = object, looking at creation and development of these internalized objects, psychodynamic theory, Melanie Klein, D.W. Winnicott, Margaret Mahler, Otto Kernberg
Psychoanalysis
Freud, uncovering repressed memories, motives, andconflicts stemming from problems in psychosexual development
Transference
Attributing to the therapist attitudes and feelings that developed in the patient’s relations with significant others in the past
Countertransference
Therapist experiencing an array of emotions towards the patient
Neo-Freudian Approaches
much more emphasis on current interpersonal relationships and life situations than on childhood experience and psychosexual development
John Dollard and Neal Miller
blended behaviorism and psychoanalytic approaches focusing on conflicting motives or conflicting tendencies in the development of personality
B.F. Skinner
personality to be a collection of behavior that happens to have been sufficiently reinforced to persist
Albert Bandura
learning principles are sufficient to account for personality development, Albert Bandura
Social Learning Theory
Albert Bandura, modeling observable behavior, learning occurs not only by reinforcement as Skinner believes, but also by observing other peopl having hteir behavior reinforced
Vicarious Reinforcement/Vicarious Learning
Learning by watching other people’s behaviors reinforced or learned
Martin Seligman
“learned helplessness” 1960s dogs and high walls, extrapolated that this into th erealm of depression and locus of control
Beck’s Cognitive Therapy for Depression
Type of CBT, write down negative thoughts about yourself and figure out why they are unjustified, come up with more realistic and less destructive cognitions
Albert Ellis’s rational-emotive therapy (RET)
type of CBT people develop irrational ways of thinking, therapist might challenge an irrational belief the client has, helping them recognize and change them to more rational ones
Symptom Substitution
Psychoanlysts suggest that new symptoms will come up to replace the old ones, behaviorists disagree
Humanism
emphasize internal processes rather than overt behavior, Phenomenological psychologists sometimes are called this, closely linked to Gestalt
Phenomenological Psychologists
focus on what distinguishes us from animals, similar to existential theorists
Gestalt Theory
closely linked to existential and humanistic theories, holistic view of the self - Wertheimer, Kohler, Koffka, whole is something other than the sum of its parts; attacked structuralism and behaviorism
Kurt Lewin’s Field Theory
heavily influenced by Gestalt, personality is dynamic and constantly changing, made up of everchanging systems
Abraham Maslow
humanist theorist, hierarchy of human motives, self-actualization, lowest level physiological and safety needs, then belongingness and love, then esteem, ocognitive and aesthetic needs, then the highest which is self-actulization – studied self-actualizaers found they were nonhostile with sense of humor, original, creative, spontaneous, and needed privacy
Self-Actualization
highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy of human motives, referring to the need to realize one’s fullest potential, most people don’t reach it
Peak experiences
Maslow believed self-actualizers were more likely to have these, profound and deeply moving experiences that have important effects
George Kelly
individual as a scientist, anxious people have difficulty constructing and understanding the variables in their environment - psychotherapy is a process whereby individual acquires constructs to help predict troublesome events
Humanist-Existential therapies
finding meaning by making one’s own choices - mental illnesses are due to alienation, loneliness - exploration into client’s thought sand feelings empthaty, understanding, positive regard
Carl Rogers
Humanist psychology, personality theory is phenomenological, client-centered therapy
Client Centered Therapy
Also person-centered therapy or nondirective therapy, carl rogers, client is able to reflect on his own problems, make choices, take postive action, and help determine his own destiny and behaviors
Victor Frankl
mental illness and maladjustment stems from a life of meaninglessness
Type Theorists
people according to specific tiypes of personality
Trait Theorists
ascertain the fundamental dimensions of personlaity
Type Theory
Type A and Type B
Type A
competitive and compulisve, more prone to heart disease, most common among middle and upper class men
Type B
laid-back and relaxed
Raymond Cattell
trait theorist, factor analysis 16 traits
Hans J. Eysenk
factor analysis, scientific methodology to test Jung’s division of extroversion and introversion, discovered second dimension stability-neuroticism, then psychoticism
Gordon Allport
trait theorist, 3 types, cardinal central, and secondary
Cardinal Traits
Allport, around which a person organizes his life, not everyone has these
Central Traits
everyone has these, allport, major characteristics of the personality that are easy to infer, such as honesty or fatalism
Secondary traits
Allport, everyone has these, more personal characteristics tahta re more limited in occurrence
Functional autonomy
Allport, given activity or form of behavior may become an end or goal, a hunter loving to hunt even if nto for the the game
Idiographic Approach
Allport distinguished, individual case studies to study personality, stick to this approach, also called morphogenic
Nomothetic Approach
Allport distinguished, ggroups of individuals and commonalities to study personality, to be avoided also called dimensional
the need for achievement
David McClelland, people who are rated high are concerned with achievement, avoid high risks and low risks
Herman Witkin
draw a relationship between an individual’s personality and her percetption of the world, field-dependence
Field dependence
Witkin, field-independence and field dependence, capacity to make specific responses to perceived stimuli, dependence mroe difuse stimuli more influenced by opinions of others
Internal and external locus of control
Julian Rotter,control or lack of control of their own destiny
Machiavellianism
personality trait, maniuplative and deceitfulmore successful manipulators
Androgyny
Sandra Bem, masculinity and femininity must be two separate dimensions, being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine
Walter Mischel
Human behavior is largely determined by the characteristics of the situation rather than by those of hte preson
Axis I
clinical disorders with exception of personality disorders and mental retardation
Axis II
personality disorders and mental retardation
Axis III
medical conditions that are potentially relevant to understanding or treating the mental disorder
Axis IV
psychosocial or environmental stresses
Axis V
client’s overal functionering, Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)
Schizophrenia
Dementia Praecox, Eugen Bleuler, gross distortions of reality
Delusions of reference
belief of an individual that others are talking about him
Delusions of Persecution
person is being deliberately interfered with
Blunting
severe reduction in intensity of affect expression
Flat Affect
no signs of affective expression
Prodromal phase
before schizophrenia is diagnosed, poor adjustment, clear evidence of detioration, social withdrawal
Active phase
schizophrenia, symptomatic
Process Schizophrenia
slow and insidious schizophrenia - prognosis poor
Reactive Schizophrenia
symptoms intense and sudden, schizophrenia, prognosis better
Disorganized Schizophrenia
hebephrenic schizophrenia, characterized by flat or inappropriate affect and idsorganized speech and behavior
Undifferentiated Schizophrenia
general criteria for otehr categories are not met
Residual Schizophrenia
previous schizophrenic episode, positive psychotic symptoms are not currently displayed, though there can be disturbances and negative symptoms
Dopamine Hypothesis
leading biological explanation for schizophrenia, the neurotransmitter plays and important role in movement and posture, suggests access of the neurotransmitter or possibly an oversensitivity/too many receptors, hypothesis from effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs
Double-blind Hypothesis
as a child the schizophrenic received contradictory and mutually incompatible messages from his or her primary caregiver, hypothesis for cause of schizophrenia
Bipolar II
hypomania instead of mania, does not significantly impair functioning or have psychotic features just energetic and optimistic
Monoamine theory of depression/catecholamine theory of depression
too much Norepinephrine and Serotonin leads to mania, too little leads to depression
Somatoform Disorders
presence of physical symptoms that suggest medical condition but which are not fully explained by a medical condition - conversion disorders/hypocondriases
Conversion Disorder
unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions, hysteria
Hypochondriasis
fears that he or she has a serious disease
Dissociative Amnesia
inability to recall past experience, not due to neurological disorder
Dissociative Fugue
amnesia that accompanies a sudden unexpected move away from one’s home or location of usual daily activities, confused about identity and may assume new one
Dissociative Identity disorder
multiple personality disorder, two or more personalities that fail to integrate, severe physical or sexual abuse as young children
Depersonalization Disorder
detached, outside observer, still has intact sense of reality
Personality Disorder
inflexible and maladaptive causing distress and more impaired functioning in at least two of the following: cognition, emotion, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control
Schizoid Personality Disorder
detachent from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
self-importance
Borderline Personality Disorder
features of both narcissistic and schizoid personality disorders, uncertainty about self-image, intense fear of abadonment
Antisocial Personality Disorder
psychopathic disorder and sociopathic disoder, disregard for and violation of the rights of others
Diathesis-Stress Model
predisposition toward developing a specific mental disorder, genetic or anatomic, excessive stress operating with this predisposition may lead to development of a specific mental disorder
David Rosenhan (1973)
people should excercise greater care when judging normality and abnormality, mental illness can be feigned and misdiagnosed
Thomas Szasz
mental illnesses are different, not illness, The Myth of Mental Illness
Structuralism
Titchener, breaks consciousness into elements by using introspection
Approach-avoidance conflicts
Dollard and Miller?
Kernberg & Klein & Winnicott & Mahler
Object Relations Theorists?
