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Personality and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

A

social skills and the salient impression one leaves on otehrs

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2
Q

William Sheldon

A

characterized people by body type, endomorphy, mesomophy, ectomorphy

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3
Q

Endomorphy

A

soft and spherical body type, sheldon

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4
Q

Mesomophy

A

hard, muscular, and rectangular body type, Sheldon

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5
Q

Ectomorphy

A

Lightly muscled body type, sheldon

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6
Q

E. G. Boring

A

Zeitgeist, changing spirit of the times caused development of psychology

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7
Q

Edward Titchener’s method of introspection

A

formed Structuralism

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8
Q

Functionalism

A

James, Dewey - stream of conscoiusness, studies how mind functions to help epeople adapt to environment; attacked structuralism

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9
Q

Behaviorism

A

Watson, Skinner, behavior is leanred as people interact with their environment John Dollard Neal Miller Ablbert Bandura, considers the symptoms to be the disorder not a manifestation of a disorder- psychology as objective study of behavior; attacked mentalism and the use of introspection; attacked structuralism and functionalism

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10
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

Chomsky, behaviorism is not an adequate explanation for human behavior, humans think, believe, and are creative

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11
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Sigmund Freud, existence of unconsscious internal states that motivate the overt actions of individuals and determine personality

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12
Q

Humanism

A

mid 20th centuryopposition to both psychoanlysis and behaviorism, believe in the notion of free wil and people should be considered as wholes rather than in terms of stimuli and responses (behaviorism) or instincts (psychoanalysis) Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers - Maslow, Rogers, looks at people as wholes; humans have free will; psychologists should study mentally healthy people, not just mentally ill/maladjusted ones

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13
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

first personality and abnormal personality theory

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14
Q

Philippe Pinel

A

1792, people with mental illness should be treated with consideration and kindness, beneficial effects

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15
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

1841-1881 US, advocate of treating hospitalized mentally ill in a humane way

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16
Q

General Paresis

A

delusions of grandeur, mental deterioration, eventual paralysis caused by pyphilis, idea that physiological factors could underlie mental disorders important andvance

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17
Q

Carletti and Bini

A

1938 electroshok, believed could cure schizophrenia (wrong)

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18
Q

Prefrontal Lobotomies

A

1935 and 1955 frontal lobes severed from brain , used to cure schizophrenia, did not, just made patient easier to handle

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19
Q

Antipsychotic drugs

A

1950s to treat schizophrenia major breakthrough

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20
Q

Emil Kraepelen

A

1883 classification as precursur to DSM

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21
Q

Id

A

reservoir of all psychic energy and consists of everything psychological that’s present at birth Functions according to the pleasure principle, whose aim is to immediately discharge any energy build up

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22
Q

Primary process

A

id’s response to frustration operating under the dictum of “obtain satisfaction now, not later”

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23
Q

Wish fulfillment

A

mental image of the object that can alleviate the frustration bringing about the primary process of the id

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24
Q

Ego

A

functions by secondary process or reality principle taking into account objective reality as it guides or inhibits the activity of the id and the id’s pleasure principle

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25
Q

Superego

A

not directly in touch with reality and strives for the ideal rather than the real , represents moral branch of personality striving for perfection conscience and ego-ideal

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26
Q

Conscience

A

whatever carefibers say is improper and the child is punshed for

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27
Q

Ego-ideal

A

whatever caregivers approve of and reward

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28
Q

Instinct

A

psychological representation of a bodily excitation

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29
Q

Eros

A

Life instincts (hunger, etc)

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30
Q

Thanatos

A

Death instincts (wish for quiet)

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31
Q

Libido

A

form of energy by which the life instincts perform their work

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32
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A

ego’s recourse to releasing excessive pressures due to anxiety - 2 characteristics 1) deny, falsify, or distort reality 2) operate unconsciously - 8 main ones

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33
Q

Repression

A

defense mechanism, unconscious forgetting of anxeity-producing memories

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34
Q

Suppression

A

defense mechanism, conscious form of forgetting

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35
Q

Projection

A

defense mechanism when a person attributes his forbdden urges to others, I hate my uncle -> my uncle hates me

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36
Q

Reaction Formation

A

defense mechanism, a repressed wish ins warded off by its diametrical opposite - a young boy who hates his brother is punshed for his hostile acts my turn his feelings into the exact opposite; he now showers his brother with affection

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37
Q

rationalization

A

defense mechanism socially acceptable explanation for inappropriate behavior or thoughts

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38
Q

Regression

A

reverting to an earlier stage of development defense mechanism

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39
Q

Sublimation

A

defense mechanism transforming unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors

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40
Q

Displacement

A

pent up feelings are discharged on objects and people less dangerous than those causing the feelings defense mechanism

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41
Q

Carl Jung

A

phychoanalytic theory, libido as psychic energy in vernal, ego as the concious mind, uncoscious into two parts: personal and collective - personality is made up of the interaction of four psychological functions: thinking, feeling, sensing and intuiting, one is more dominant than the other

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42
Q

Collective Unconscious

A

Carl Jung, residue of the experiences of our early ancestors, archetypes

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43
Q

Archetype

A

Carl Jung, thought or image that has an emotional element, part of the collective unconscious

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44
Q

Persona

A

mask that is adopted by a person in response to the demands of social convention, Carl Jung archetype

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45
Q

Anima

A

understand gender, the feminine behaviors in males, and the masculine behaviors in females, archetype, Carl Jung

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46
Q

Shadow

A

archetype, Carl Jung, consists of animal instincts that humans inherited in their evolution from lower forms of life, responsible for socially reprehensible thoughts feelings and actions

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47
Q

self

A

person’s striving for unity, intersection between collective unconscious and the conscious, a mandala or magic circle, reconciler of oppositses and the promoter of harmony, Jung, archetype

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48
Q

Extroversion

A

an orientation toward external objective world, Jung

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49
Q

Introversion

A

Jung, orientation toward inner, subjective world

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50
Q

Alfred Adler’s Theory

A

iturned attention to immediate social imperatives of family and society on their effects on uncincious factors, inferiority complex - striving towards supeiority drives the personality, striving is selfish and not socially oriented, becomes the root of personality disturbances - creative self and style of life, coined term “lifestyle”, fictional finalist

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51
Q

Creative Self

A

Alfred Adler, force by which each individual shapes his or her uniqueness and makes his or her own personality

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52
Q

Style of life

A

Albert Alfred, manifestation of the creative self and describes a person’s unique way of achieving superiority, Family envioronment is cruical in molding the person’s style of life

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53
Q

Fictional Finalism

A

an individual is motivated more by his or her expectations of the future than by past experiences, Albert Alfred, based on fictional values rather than objective ones from the past

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54
Q

Karen Horney

A

neurotic personality is governed by one of ten needs such as affection and approval, to exploit others, and self-sufficiency and independence - needs resemble healthy ones except for four respects: disproportionate in intensity, indiscriminate in application, partially disregard reality, have a tendency to provoke intense anxiety — to overcome anxiety children move toward people to obtain good will to privde security, moving against people, or fighting them to obtain the upper hand and moving away or withdrawing from people

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55
Q

Anna Freud

A

ego psychology

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56
Q

Erik Erickson

A

reworked Freud to cover entire lifespan, negative events or conflicts could have positive effects

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57
Q

Object Relation Theory

A

symbolic representation of a significant part of the young child’s personality = object, looking at creation and development of these internalized objects, psychodynamic theory, Melanie Klein, D.W. Winnicott, Margaret Mahler, Otto Kernberg

58
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Freud, uncovering repressed memories, motives, andconflicts stemming from problems in psychosexual development

59
Q

Transference

A

Attributing to the therapist attitudes and feelings that developed in the patient’s relations with significant others in the past

60
Q

Countertransference

A

Therapist experiencing an array of emotions towards the patient

61
Q

Neo-Freudian Approaches

A

much more emphasis on current interpersonal relationships and life situations than on childhood experience and psychosexual development

62
Q

John Dollard and Neal Miller

A

blended behaviorism and psychoanalytic approaches focusing on conflicting motives or conflicting tendencies in the development of personality

63
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

personality to be a collection of behavior that happens to have been sufficiently reinforced to persist

64
Q

Albert Bandura

A

learning principles are sufficient to account for personality development, Albert Bandura

65
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

Albert Bandura, modeling observable behavior, learning occurs not only by reinforcement as Skinner believes, but also by observing other peopl having hteir behavior reinforced

66
Q

Vicarious Reinforcement/Vicarious Learning

A

Learning by watching other people’s behaviors reinforced or learned

67
Q

Martin Seligman

A

“learned helplessness” 1960s dogs and high walls, extrapolated that this into th erealm of depression and locus of control

68
Q

Beck’s Cognitive Therapy for Depression

A

Type of CBT, write down negative thoughts about yourself and figure out why they are unjustified, come up with more realistic and less destructive cognitions

69
Q

Albert Ellis’s rational-emotive therapy (RET)

A

type of CBT people develop irrational ways of thinking, therapist might challenge an irrational belief the client has, helping them recognize and change them to more rational ones

70
Q

Symptom Substitution

A

Psychoanlysts suggest that new symptoms will come up to replace the old ones, behaviorists disagree

71
Q

Humanism

A

emphasize internal processes rather than overt behavior, Phenomenological psychologists sometimes are called this, closely linked to Gestalt

72
Q

Phenomenological Psychologists

A

focus on what distinguishes us from animals, similar to existential theorists

73
Q

Gestalt Theory

A

closely linked to existential and humanistic theories, holistic view of the self - Wertheimer, Kohler, Koffka, whole is something other than the sum of its parts; attacked structuralism and behaviorism

74
Q

Kurt Lewin’s Field Theory

A

heavily influenced by Gestalt, personality is dynamic and constantly changing, made up of everchanging systems

75
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

humanist theorist, hierarchy of human motives, self-actualization, lowest level physiological and safety needs, then belongingness and love, then esteem, ocognitive and aesthetic needs, then the highest which is self-actulization – studied self-actualizaers found they were nonhostile with sense of humor, original, creative, spontaneous, and needed privacy

76
Q

Self-Actualization

A

highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy of human motives, referring to the need to realize one’s fullest potential, most people don’t reach it

77
Q

Peak experiences

A

Maslow believed self-actualizers were more likely to have these, profound and deeply moving experiences that have important effects

78
Q

George Kelly

A

individual as a scientist, anxious people have difficulty constructing and understanding the variables in their environment - psychotherapy is a process whereby individual acquires constructs to help predict troublesome events

79
Q

Humanist-Existential therapies

A

finding meaning by making one’s own choices - mental illnesses are due to alienation, loneliness - exploration into client’s thought sand feelings empthaty, understanding, positive regard

80
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Humanist psychology, personality theory is phenomenological, client-centered therapy

81
Q

Client Centered Therapy

A

Also person-centered therapy or nondirective therapy, carl rogers, client is able to reflect on his own problems, make choices, take postive action, and help determine his own destiny and behaviors

82
Q

Victor Frankl

A

mental illness and maladjustment stems from a life of meaninglessness

83
Q

Type Theorists

A

people according to specific tiypes of personality

84
Q

Trait Theorists

A

ascertain the fundamental dimensions of personlaity

85
Q

Type Theory

A

Type A and Type B

86
Q

Type A

A

competitive and compulisve, more prone to heart disease, most common among middle and upper class men

87
Q

Type B

A

laid-back and relaxed

88
Q

Raymond Cattell

A

trait theorist, factor analysis 16 traits

89
Q

Hans J. Eysenk

A

factor analysis, scientific methodology to test Jung’s division of extroversion and introversion, discovered second dimension stability-neuroticism, then psychoticism

90
Q

Gordon Allport

A

trait theorist, 3 types, cardinal central, and secondary

91
Q

Cardinal Traits

A

Allport, around which a person organizes his life, not everyone has these

92
Q

Central Traits

A

everyone has these, allport, major characteristics of the personality that are easy to infer, such as honesty or fatalism

93
Q

Secondary traits

A

Allport, everyone has these, more personal characteristics tahta re more limited in occurrence

94
Q

Functional autonomy

A

Allport, given activity or form of behavior may become an end or goal, a hunter loving to hunt even if nto for the the game

95
Q

Idiographic Approach

A

Allport distinguished, individual case studies to study personality, stick to this approach, also called morphogenic

96
Q

Nomothetic Approach

A

Allport distinguished, ggroups of individuals and commonalities to study personality, to be avoided also called dimensional

97
Q

the need for achievement

A

David McClelland, people who are rated high are concerned with achievement, avoid high risks and low risks

98
Q

Herman Witkin

A

draw a relationship between an individual’s personality and her percetption of the world, field-dependence

99
Q

Field dependence

A

Witkin, field-independence and field dependence, capacity to make specific responses to perceived stimuli, dependence mroe difuse stimuli more influenced by opinions of others

100
Q

Internal and external locus of control

A

Julian Rotter,control or lack of control of their own destiny

101
Q

Machiavellianism

A

personality trait, maniuplative and deceitfulmore successful manipulators

102
Q

Androgyny

A

Sandra Bem, masculinity and femininity must be two separate dimensions, being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine

103
Q

Walter Mischel

A

Human behavior is largely determined by the characteristics of the situation rather than by those of hte preson

104
Q

Axis I

A

clinical disorders with exception of personality disorders and mental retardation

105
Q

Axis II

A

personality disorders and mental retardation

106
Q

Axis III

A

medical conditions that are potentially relevant to understanding or treating the mental disorder

107
Q

Axis IV

A

psychosocial or environmental stresses

108
Q

Axis V

A

client’s overal functionering, Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)

109
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Dementia Praecox, Eugen Bleuler, gross distortions of reality

110
Q

Delusions of reference

A

belief of an individual that others are talking about him

111
Q

Delusions of Persecution

A

person is being deliberately interfered with

112
Q

Blunting

A

severe reduction in intensity of affect expression

113
Q

Flat Affect

A

no signs of affective expression

114
Q

Prodromal phase

A

before schizophrenia is diagnosed, poor adjustment, clear evidence of detioration, social withdrawal

115
Q

Active phase

A

schizophrenia, symptomatic

116
Q

Process Schizophrenia

A

slow and insidious schizophrenia - prognosis poor

117
Q

Reactive Schizophrenia

A

symptoms intense and sudden, schizophrenia, prognosis better

118
Q

Disorganized Schizophrenia

A

hebephrenic schizophrenia, characterized by flat or inappropriate affect and idsorganized speech and behavior

119
Q

Undifferentiated Schizophrenia

A

general criteria for otehr categories are not met

120
Q

Residual Schizophrenia

A

previous schizophrenic episode, positive psychotic symptoms are not currently displayed, though there can be disturbances and negative symptoms

121
Q

Dopamine Hypothesis

A

leading biological explanation for schizophrenia, the neurotransmitter plays and important role in movement and posture, suggests access of the neurotransmitter or possibly an oversensitivity/too many receptors, hypothesis from effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs

122
Q

Double-blind Hypothesis

A

as a child the schizophrenic received contradictory and mutually incompatible messages from his or her primary caregiver, hypothesis for cause of schizophrenia

123
Q

Bipolar II

A

hypomania instead of mania, does not significantly impair functioning or have psychotic features just energetic and optimistic

124
Q

Monoamine theory of depression/catecholamine theory of depression

A

too much Norepinephrine and Serotonin leads to mania, too little leads to depression

125
Q

Somatoform Disorders

A

presence of physical symptoms that suggest medical condition but which are not fully explained by a medical condition - conversion disorders/hypocondriases

126
Q

Conversion Disorder

A

unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions, hysteria

127
Q

Hypochondriasis

A

fears that he or she has a serious disease

128
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

inability to recall past experience, not due to neurological disorder

129
Q

Dissociative Fugue

A

amnesia that accompanies a sudden unexpected move away from one’s home or location of usual daily activities, confused about identity and may assume new one

130
Q

Dissociative Identity disorder

A

multiple personality disorder, two or more personalities that fail to integrate, severe physical or sexual abuse as young children

131
Q

Depersonalization Disorder

A

detached, outside observer, still has intact sense of reality

132
Q

Personality Disorder

A

inflexible and maladaptive causing distress and more impaired functioning in at least two of the following: cognition, emotion, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control

133
Q

Schizoid Personality Disorder

A

detachent from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression

134
Q

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A

self-importance

135
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder

A

features of both narcissistic and schizoid personality disorders, uncertainty about self-image, intense fear of abadonment

136
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

psychopathic disorder and sociopathic disoder, disregard for and violation of the rights of others

137
Q

Diathesis-Stress Model

A

predisposition toward developing a specific mental disorder, genetic or anatomic, excessive stress operating with this predisposition may lead to development of a specific mental disorder

138
Q

David Rosenhan (1973)

A

people should excercise greater care when judging normality and abnormality, mental illness can be feigned and misdiagnosed

139
Q

Thomas Szasz

A

mental illnesses are different, not illness, The Myth of Mental Illness

140
Q

Structuralism

A

Titchener, breaks consciousness into elements by using introspection

141
Q

Approach-avoidance conflicts

A

Dollard and Miller?

142
Q

Kernberg & Klein & Winnicott & Mahler

A

Object Relations Theorists?

Psychology GRE (8 decks)

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