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Psychology GRE > Cognitive Psychology > Flashcards

Cognitive Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A

1885, memory research, meaningless strings of letters to study capacity of our memory system, nonsense syllables, method of savings, forgetting curve

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2
Q

Edward Titchener (1867-1927)

A

structuralism, introspection, functionalism, behaviorism, Gestalt

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3
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

linguist, opposed behaviorist position that speech is best explained by operant conditioning

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4
Q

Structuralism

A

break consciousness down into its elements or specific mental structures

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5
Q

Method of savings

A

Hermann Ebbinghaus, after memorizing the insitial list, subtracted the number of times it took to rememorize the list from the number of times it originally took to memorize it, divided this by the original number and multiplied by 100, forgetting curve

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6
Q

Generation-Recognition Model

A

recall task taps the same basic process of accessing information in memory as does a recognition task , however a recall task requires an addtional processing stemp you have to generate infrormation rather than simply recognize it

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7
Q

Recency effect

A

words heard more recently are remembered best

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8
Q

Primacy effect

A

items presented first are remembered fairly well, not as strong as recency effect

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9
Q

Stage theory of mind

A

several different memory systems and that each system has a different function including sensory short-term/working and long-term

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10
Q

Sensory Memory

A

feleeting impressions of sensory stimuli

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11
Q

Visual memory

A

Iconic Memory

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12
Q

Auditory Memory

A

Echoic Memory

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13
Q

Whole-Report Procedure

A

how much information could be retained in sensory memory, looked at visual display for fraction of a second and asked to recall, usually 4/9

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14
Q

Partial Report Procedure

A

George Sperling, 3xx3 matrix of letters to challenge whole-report method, nine item limit, tones, avoided decay problem of whole-report procedure

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15
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

used to keep information in short term memory, repetition

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16
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

get information in long term memory, organizing material and associating it with information you already have in long term memory

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17
Q

Procedural Memory

A

type of long term memory, how hings are done

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18
Q

Declarative memory

A

type of long term memory, explicit information, fact memory,s emantic and eisodic

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19
Q

Semantic memory

A

type of declarative memory, general knowledge meaning of words and concepts

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20
Q

episodic memory

A

memories for particular events, episodes, type of declarative memory

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21
Q

Long term memory

A

verbal encoded with meaning

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22
Q

Short term memory

A

verbal encoded by phonology

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23
Q

Spreading activation model

A

1975, Collins and Loftus, shorter the distance bewteween two words the closer the words are related to the semantic memory

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24
Q

Semantic feature-comparison model

A

Smith, Shoben, and Rips, 1970s, concepts are represented by sets of features some of which are required, some typical

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25
Q

Levels of Processing Theory/Depth of Processing Theory

A

Craik and Lockhart, only one memory system, three ways in which information can be processed, physical/visual, acoustical, and semantic - the deeper the processign the greater the effort the better you remember

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26
Q

Paivio’s dual-code hypothesis

A

visual and verbal encoding - abstract is verbal, concrete is verbal and visual

27
Q

Decay theory

A

information in long-term memory is not used or reheard it will be forgotten, assumes that what you’ve learned in the meantime has no effect which is wrong

28
Q

Inhibition theory

A

forgetting is due to the activities that have taken place between learning and recall - retroactive and proactive

29
Q

retroactive inhibition

A

forget what you learned earlier as you learn something new

30
Q

proactive inhibition

A

what you learned earlier interferes with what you learn later

31
Q

Encoding specificity

A

assumption that recallw ill be best if the context at recall approximates the context during original encoding

32
Q

State-dependent learning

A

suggests that recall will be better if your psychological and physical state at the time of recall is the same as when you memorized

33
Q

Method of loci

A

system of associating information with some sequence of places with which you are familiar

34
Q

Sir Frederick Bartlett

A

subjects reconstructed the story in line with their own expectations and schema - prior knowledge and expectations influence recall

35
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

eyewitness memory, influences or confused by misleading information

36
Q

Zeigarnik Effect

A

tendency to remember incomplete tasks better than completed tasks

37
Q

Luchins water-jar problem

A

list of capacities of a number of jars and three empty jars, obtain a particular amount in one jar

38
Q

Mental set

A

tendency to eep repeating solutions that worked in other situations

39
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

inability to use a familiar object in an unfamiliar way

40
Q

Creativity

A

cognitive ability that results in new ways of viewing problems or situations

41
Q

Divergent thinking

A

Guilford, producing as many creative answers to a question as possible, most famous attempt to measure creativity

42
Q

Heuristics

A

Kahneman, Tversky - short cuts or rules of thum to make decisions

43
Q

Availability heuristic

A

how likely something is, based on how easily similar intsances can be imagined, we use hte information most readily available in memory to make deicions

44
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

categorizing things on the basis of whether they fit the prototypical, stereotypical, or representative image of the category

45
Q

Base-rate fallacy

A

overusing representativeness heuristic, using stereotypical factors rather than actual numerical information about which category is more numerous

46
Q

Cognitive developmental theory

A

jean piaget, child’s capacity for symbolic thought which develops towards end of sensorimotor period

47
Q

Learning theory

A

language is acquired through classical conditioning, operant condition, and or modeling (BF Skinner)

48
Q

Nativist Theory

A

Chomsky - innate biological LAD

49
Q

Surface Structure

A

actual word order of the words in a sentence - Chomsky

50
Q

Deep/abstract structure

A

Chomsky - underlying form that specifies the meaning of a sentence

51
Q

Transformational rules

A

how we can change one structure into another, a sentence into a question - chomsky

52
Q

Whorfian hypothesis/linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

Benjamin Whorf, perception of reality and the way we think about the world is determined by the content of language

53
Q

Macoby and Jacklin

A

better verbal abilities in girls than boys

54
Q

Charles Spearman

A

individual differences in intelligence are largely due to variations in the amount of a general, unitary factor g

55
Q

Primary Mental Abilities

A

Thurstone, 7 of htem

56
Q

Robert Sternberg’s Triarchic theory

A

3 aspects to intellgience: componential on tests, experiential/creativity and contextual/street smarts

57
Q

Howard Gardner’s theory/theory of multiple intelligences

A

western culture values linguistic and logical-mathematical more than others

58
Q

Raymond Cattell

A

fluid and crystallized intelligence

59
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

Cattell, ability to quickly grasp relationships in novel situatiosn and make correct deductions - increases throughout childhood and adolescence, decrease with advanced age

60
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

Cattell, ability to understand relationships or solve problems that dpend on knowledge acquired as a result of schooling or other experiences - increases throughout the lifespan

61
Q

Arthur Jensen

A

IQ entirely genetic, differences across racial lines

62
Q

McClelland and Rumelhart

A

parallel distributed processes, information processing is distributed across the brain and done in parallel fasion

63
Q

Metacogntion/Metamemory

A

person’s ability to think about and monitor cognition and memory respectively

Psychology GRE (8 decks)

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