Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology GRE > Learning and Ethology > Flashcards

Learning and Ethology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
GRE® Vocabulary flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Edward Thorndike (1874-1949)

A

one of the earliest psychologists to study learning, functionalist, early behaviorist, law of effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Functionalist

A

Edward Thorndike, focusing on how the mind functioned in adapting to the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Classical Conditioning/Respondent Conditioning

A

John Watson (1920), Little Albert learned to fear white rats since they were assocaited with loud noise, Ivan Pavlov

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Behaviorism

A

dominant after Watson until about 1960, Edwin Guthrie, BF Skinner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Clark Hull’s Theory of Motivation/Drive-Reduction Theory

A

goal of behavior is to reduce biological drives, reinforcement occurs whenever a biological drive is reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

beginning of ethology, rejected idea that animal behavior could be understood int he laboratory, only out in the field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ian Pavlov

A

credited with the founding of basic principles of classical conditioning, salvation of dogs in response to food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Reflex

A

unlearned response that is elicited by a specific stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

food in Pavlov experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

salivaiton in Pavlov expirment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

Bell in Pavlov expiriment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Conditioned Response

A

Salivation (after the bell) in the Pavlov expirment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

after extinction, the CS (reduced) still occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Generalization

A

similar stimuli to the CS, elicits CR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Second Order Conditioning

A

neutral stimulus is paired with a CS, ticking to bell to salivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sensory preconditioning

A

light with bell, bell with UCS, then light with UCS even though never presented together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Robert Rescorla

A

late 1960s, suggested classical conditioning was a matter of learning signals for UCS, contigency explanation of classical conditioning, learning signals for the UCS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Blocking

A

CS and UCS must be contingent, but the CS must also provide nonredundant information about the occurrence of the UCS in order for the conditioning to occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Operant Conditioning/Instrumental Conditioning/Reward Learning

A

learning th relationship between one’s actions and their consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Law of Effect

A

EL Thorndike, 20th centuray, if a response is followed by an annoying consequence, the animal will be less likely to emit the same response in the future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

BF Skinner

A

agreed with Thorndike, rejected the stress on mentalistic teemrms such as satisfying and annoying, moved to positive reinforcement negative reinforcement punshiment and extinction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

taking away or preventing something undesireable whenever the desired response is made, escape and avoidance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Escape

A

behavior removes something undesiralble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Avoidance

A

warning that an aversive stimulus will soon occur, the appropriate resonse completely avoids the aversive stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Discriminative stimulus (SD)

A

stimulus condition that indicates that the organism’s behavior will have consequences, illuminating light that decides whether or not behavior will be reinforced

26
Q

Partial Reinforcement Effect

A

Takes longer to extinct behavior learned from partial reinforcement

27
Q

Fixed Ratio Partial Reinforcement (FR)

A

only after a fixed number of responses, after every five lever pressess, reinforcement

28
Q

Variable-Ratio (VR) Partial reinforcement

A

reinforcement after a varying number of responses, on average every five lever presses, most rapid response rate, most resistant to extinction

29
Q

Fixed-Interval (FI) Partial Reinforcement

A

reinforced on the first response after a fixed period of time has elapsed since the last reinforcement, after the first lever press after 45 seconds have passed since the last reinforcement

30
Q

Variable-Interval (VI) Partial Reinforcement

A

for the first response made after a variable amount of time has elapsed since the last reinfrocer, average time interval period

31
Q

Continuous Reinforcement Schedle (CRF)/FR 1

A

Reinforcement for every lever press

32
Q

Shaping/Differential Reinforcement

A

reinforce successive approximations to the desired behavior, reinforce the desired response while extinguishing others

33
Q

Behavior Therapies/Behavior Modification

A

pased on conditioning, based on classical and operant

34
Q

Flooding

A

client experiences CS without the US that originally elicted fear (to extinguish phobia), based on classical conditioning

35
Q

Systematic Desensitization, Counter Conditioning

A

Conditioned AversionJoseph Wolpe, in a state of relaxation, imagine the least anxiety-producing situation i n the hierarchy and proceeds up , relaxation responses are reinforced to the anxiety-invoking stimulus based on Classical conditioning

36
Q

Conditioned Aversion

A

therapy based on classical conditioning, undesired stimulus that attracts the client becomes paired with an aversive unconditioned stimulus associated with a punishment

37
Q

Implosion

A

based on classical conditioning, forcing the client to imagine the feared object (CS)

38
Q

Contingency Management

A

based on operant conditioning, behavioral contracts, time-out procedures, token economes and Premack Principle

39
Q

Behavioral Contract

A

negotiated agreement, based on operant conditioning, between two parties that explicitly states the behavioral change that is desired and indicates consequences of certain acts

40
Q

Time-Out

A

based on operant conditioning, remove the client from the reinforcing situationb efore he receives the reinforcement for his behavior, it will not be reinforced and will eventually cease

41
Q

Token Economies

A

based on operant conditioning, given for desirable behaviors and taken away for various undesirable behaviors, tokens can be exchanged for rewards and privileges, useful at mental hospitals

42
Q

Premack Principe

A

more preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred activity , requiring homework before play

43
Q

Puzzle Box

A

what Thorndike used to decide that all animal learnign was trial and error type

44
Q

Wolfgang Kohler

A

cofounder of the school of gestalt psychology, disagreed with trial and error learning as the only kind, some animals have insight, chimp experiments

45
Q

Insight

A

Kohler, perception of the inner relationships between factors that are essential to solving a problem

46
Q

Edward Tolman

A

rats in mazes to show that behavior isn’t always simple matter of stimulus-response reinforcement, cognitive map

47
Q

Cognitive Map

A

Tolman, mental representation of physical space

48
Q

Biological Constraints

A

different species have different inborn predisspositions to learn different things in different ways, affecting all kinds of ocnditioning

49
Q

Garcia Effect

A

John Garcia, Preparedness - mice

50
Q

Preparedness

A

inborn tendency to associate certain stimuli with certain consequences, associate nausea with something ingested and sound with externally induced pain

51
Q

Keller and Marion Breland

A

1950s, instinctual drift raccoons

52
Q

Albert bandura

A

Bobo doll experiment, behavior could be learned by observation, vicarious reinfrocement

53
Q

Ethology

A

study of animal behavior under natural conditions

54
Q

Niko Tinbergen

A

experimental methods into the field

55
Q

Fixed Action Patterns (FAP)

A

certain action patterns are relatively stereotyped and appear to be species-typical, more complex than pavlovian unconditioned response, ex. rolling an egg back to a nest, triggered by sign stimuli and releasers

56
Q

Sign stimuli

A

stimulus that are sufficient to bring about a particular FAP, Thorndike’s sticklebacks red belly

57
Q

Releasers

A

sign stimuli that function as signals from one animal to another, particular environmental stimulus that sets off a specific behavior, red belly

58
Q

Supernormal Stimulus

A

a stimulus that is more effective at triggering FAP than the actual stimulus found in nature

59
Q

Innate releasing mechanism (IRM)

A

some mechanism in the nervous system that serves to connect the stimulus to the right response

60
Q

Reproductive isolating mechanisms

A

prevent animals onf one species from attempting to mate with animals of a closely related species

61
Q

Karl von Fisch

A

honeybees are able to communicate the direction and distance of food by dances

62
Q

EO Wilson

A

sociobiology, behavior is due to a complex and dynamic interplay between genetics and environment

Psychology GRE (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions