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Psychology GRE > Learning and Ethology > Flashcards

Learning and Ethology Flashcards

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1
Q

Edward Thorndike (1874-1949)

A

one of the earliest psychologists to study learning, functionalist, early behaviorist, law of effect

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2
Q

Functionalist

A

Edward Thorndike, focusing on how the mind functioned in adapting to the environment

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3
Q

Classical Conditioning/Respondent Conditioning

A

John Watson (1920), Little Albert learned to fear white rats since they were assocaited with loud noise, Ivan Pavlov

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4
Q

Behaviorism

A

dominant after Watson until about 1960, Edwin Guthrie, BF Skinner

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5
Q

Clark Hull’s Theory of Motivation/Drive-Reduction Theory

A

goal of behavior is to reduce biological drives, reinforcement occurs whenever a biological drive is reduced

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6
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

beginning of ethology, rejected idea that animal behavior could be understood int he laboratory, only out in the field

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7
Q

Ian Pavlov

A

credited with the founding of basic principles of classical conditioning, salvation of dogs in response to food

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8
Q

Reflex

A

unlearned response that is elicited by a specific stimulus

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9
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

food in Pavlov experiment

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10
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

salivaiton in Pavlov expirment

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11
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

Bell in Pavlov expiriment

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12
Q

Conditioned Response

A

Salivation (after the bell) in the Pavlov expirment

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13
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

after extinction, the CS (reduced) still occurs

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14
Q

Generalization

A

similar stimuli to the CS, elicits CR

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15
Q

Second Order Conditioning

A

neutral stimulus is paired with a CS, ticking to bell to salivation

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16
Q

Sensory preconditioning

A

light with bell, bell with UCS, then light with UCS even though never presented together

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17
Q

Robert Rescorla

A

late 1960s, suggested classical conditioning was a matter of learning signals for UCS, contigency explanation of classical conditioning, learning signals for the UCS

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18
Q

Blocking

A

CS and UCS must be contingent, but the CS must also provide nonredundant information about the occurrence of the UCS in order for the conditioning to occur

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19
Q

Operant Conditioning/Instrumental Conditioning/Reward Learning

A

learning th relationship between one’s actions and their consequences

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20
Q

Law of Effect

A

EL Thorndike, 20th centuray, if a response is followed by an annoying consequence, the animal will be less likely to emit the same response in the future

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21
Q

BF Skinner

A

agreed with Thorndike, rejected the stress on mentalistic teemrms such as satisfying and annoying, moved to positive reinforcement negative reinforcement punshiment and extinction

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22
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

taking away or preventing something undesireable whenever the desired response is made, escape and avoidance

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23
Q

Escape

A

behavior removes something undesiralble

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24
Q

Avoidance

A

warning that an aversive stimulus will soon occur, the appropriate resonse completely avoids the aversive stimulus

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25
Q

Discriminative stimulus (SD)

A

stimulus condition that indicates that the organism’s behavior will have consequences, illuminating light that decides whether or not behavior will be reinforced

26
Q

Partial Reinforcement Effect

A

Takes longer to extinct behavior learned from partial reinforcement

27
Q

Fixed Ratio Partial Reinforcement (FR)

A

only after a fixed number of responses, after every five lever pressess, reinforcement

28
Q

Variable-Ratio (VR) Partial reinforcement

A

reinforcement after a varying number of responses, on average every five lever presses, most rapid response rate, most resistant to extinction

29
Q

Fixed-Interval (FI) Partial Reinforcement

A

reinforced on the first response after a fixed period of time has elapsed since the last reinforcement, after the first lever press after 45 seconds have passed since the last reinforcement

30
Q

Variable-Interval (VI) Partial Reinforcement

A

for the first response made after a variable amount of time has elapsed since the last reinfrocer, average time interval period

31
Q

Continuous Reinforcement Schedle (CRF)/FR 1

A

Reinforcement for every lever press

32
Q

Shaping/Differential Reinforcement

A

reinforce successive approximations to the desired behavior, reinforce the desired response while extinguishing others

33
Q

Behavior Therapies/Behavior Modification

A

pased on conditioning, based on classical and operant

34
Q

Flooding

A

client experiences CS without the US that originally elicted fear (to extinguish phobia), based on classical conditioning

35
Q

Systematic Desensitization, Counter Conditioning

A

Conditioned AversionJoseph Wolpe, in a state of relaxation, imagine the least anxiety-producing situation i n the hierarchy and proceeds up , relaxation responses are reinforced to the anxiety-invoking stimulus based on Classical conditioning

36
Q

Conditioned Aversion

A

therapy based on classical conditioning, undesired stimulus that attracts the client becomes paired with an aversive unconditioned stimulus associated with a punishment

37
Q

Implosion

A

based on classical conditioning, forcing the client to imagine the feared object (CS)

38
Q

Contingency Management

A

based on operant conditioning, behavioral contracts, time-out procedures, token economes and Premack Principle

39
Q

Behavioral Contract

A

negotiated agreement, based on operant conditioning, between two parties that explicitly states the behavioral change that is desired and indicates consequences of certain acts

40
Q

Time-Out

A

based on operant conditioning, remove the client from the reinforcing situationb efore he receives the reinforcement for his behavior, it will not be reinforced and will eventually cease

41
Q

Token Economies

A

based on operant conditioning, given for desirable behaviors and taken away for various undesirable behaviors, tokens can be exchanged for rewards and privileges, useful at mental hospitals

42
Q

Premack Principe

A

more preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred activity , requiring homework before play

43
Q

Puzzle Box

A

what Thorndike used to decide that all animal learnign was trial and error type

44
Q

Wolfgang Kohler

A

cofounder of the school of gestalt psychology, disagreed with trial and error learning as the only kind, some animals have insight, chimp experiments

45
Q

Insight

A

Kohler, perception of the inner relationships between factors that are essential to solving a problem

46
Q

Edward Tolman

A

rats in mazes to show that behavior isn’t always simple matter of stimulus-response reinforcement, cognitive map

47
Q

Cognitive Map

A

Tolman, mental representation of physical space

48
Q

Biological Constraints

A

different species have different inborn predisspositions to learn different things in different ways, affecting all kinds of ocnditioning

49
Q

Garcia Effect

A

John Garcia, Preparedness - mice

50
Q

Preparedness

A

inborn tendency to associate certain stimuli with certain consequences, associate nausea with something ingested and sound with externally induced pain

51
Q

Keller and Marion Breland

A

1950s, instinctual drift raccoons

52
Q

Albert bandura

A

Bobo doll experiment, behavior could be learned by observation, vicarious reinfrocement

53
Q

Ethology

A

study of animal behavior under natural conditions

54
Q

Niko Tinbergen

A

experimental methods into the field

55
Q

Fixed Action Patterns (FAP)

A

certain action patterns are relatively stereotyped and appear to be species-typical, more complex than pavlovian unconditioned response, ex. rolling an egg back to a nest, triggered by sign stimuli and releasers

56
Q

Sign stimuli

A

stimulus that are sufficient to bring about a particular FAP, Thorndike’s sticklebacks red belly

57
Q

Releasers

A

sign stimuli that function as signals from one animal to another, particular environmental stimulus that sets off a specific behavior, red belly

58
Q

Supernormal Stimulus

A

a stimulus that is more effective at triggering FAP than the actual stimulus found in nature

59
Q

Innate releasing mechanism (IRM)

A

some mechanism in the nervous system that serves to connect the stimulus to the right response

60
Q

Reproductive isolating mechanisms

A

prevent animals onf one species from attempting to mate with animals of a closely related species

61
Q

Karl von Fisch

A

honeybees are able to communicate the direction and distance of food by dances

62
Q

EO Wilson

A

sociobiology, behavior is due to a complex and dynamic interplay between genetics and environment

Psychology GRE (8 decks)

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