Seminar 4 Flashcards
Depression Affective
mood is sad depressed
Depression cognitive
thinking about self is negative i.e. feeling worthless, critical of self, low self esteem, thoughts about death, poor memory and concentration.
Behavioural
social withdrawal
Physical functioning
changes in appetite (both over & under eating)
Vicious cycle of depression
feelings bodily responses behaviour and thoughts back to feelings
Mood disorders
Unipolar depression: (major depression) the person is affected in their mood, thinking, physical and behavioural functioning
Bipolar disorder
the persons suffers between cycles of depression and mania – this is where the person are very (hyper) active & feels intensely happy for no reason.
Depressive Disorders - DSM 5
Major Depressive Disorder
Single
Recurrent
Persistent depressive Disorder (dysthimia)
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Unipolar depression
Affects approx. 5% of the population
Approximately every 4th woman and 8th man get depressed at least once in their lifetime
Diagnostic criteria Major depressive episode DSM 5
Significant weight loss/gain
Insomnia / hipersomnia
Psychomotor agitation / retartdation
Fatique or loss of energy
Bipolar and Related Disorders – DSM 5
Bipolar I Disorder
Bipolar II Disorder
Cyclothymic Disorder
Manic episode
Mania is the complete opposite to depression, but it is not a pleasant ‘high’. This is a misconception.
Cognitive symptoms
Thought processes can be quite severely disrupted
Can have delusional ideas e.g. believing they are a famous person
May think that other people are trying to harm or kill them
Voices in head or visual hallucinations
May make reckless and irrational decisions showing little regard for the effect of these on others
Emotional symptoms
In the manic state – will feel marvellous!
Therefore will strongly deny that there is anything wrong with them
May become irritable with those around them who try to intervene
Lack of guilt
Behavioural symptoms
Marked increase in work, sexual and social activity
May become more talkative and speak faster
May become reckless with negative consequences
An inability to remain still or quiet
Can be a loss of social inhibitions
Physical symptoms
During this phase the person will tend to sleep very little and have increased energy levels
Bipolar Depression: Symptoms and Diagnosis
Affects approx. 1% of the population
Affects men and women equally
Bipolar 1 disorder vs. Bipolar 2 disorder
Manic episode Diagnostic Criteria DSM 5
Unusual talkativeness; rapid speech
Distractibility; attention easily diverted
Less than usual amount of sleep needed
Inflated self-esteem; belief that one has special talents, powers and abilities
Depression
An undertreated disease
An underdiagnosed disease
The vicious circle of somatic complaints in depression
Depression Somatic dysfunctions in depression Somatic complaints, eg. Pessimistic cognitive appraisal Depression
Causes: Psychosocial AND biological aspects (activity!)
e.g. negative life experience, personality e.g. acute psycho- social burden, stress
e.g. genetical factors
e.g. hyperactivity of the
axis of stress hormones
Treatment of depression
Pharmacotherapy (antidepressives and mood stabilizers).
Psychotherapy (Cognitive behavioural therapy and Interpersonal Therapy with best evidence base)
Beck’s Model of Depression (1979) ‘The Cognitive Triad’
Negative Triad (3 negative schemata)
negative view of the self
negative view of the world
negative view of the future
Albert Ellis
“I must be successful, competent and achieving in everything I do if I am to consider myself worthwhile”
