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Biology > Semester One Finals > Flashcards

Semester One Finals Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

possible explanation to question/problem; based on prior knowledge; tested in experiment

A

hypothesis

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2
Q

something that changes or varies in an experiment

A

variable

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3
Q

variable that is changed by the scientist; in the egg lab, the type of solution was independent

A

independent

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4
Q

variable that changes because of independent; in the egg lab, the mass of the egg was dependent

A

dependent

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5
Q

data that does NOT have numbers; examples include color, shape, etc.

A

qualitative

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6
Q

data that has numbers; examples include mass, height, length

A

quantitative

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7
Q

broad scientific explanation that is based on lots of evidence

A

theory

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8
Q

study of living things and their interactions

A

biology

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9
Q

maintaining a stable internal environment

A

homeostasis

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10
Q

all of the chemical reactions that occur inside the body of a living thing

A

metabolism

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11
Q

a single living thing

A

organism

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12
Q

reacting to the environment

A

responsiveness

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13
Q

passing the genetic information from one generation to the next

A

heredity

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14
Q

producing offspring

A

reproduction

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15
Q

single-celled organism

A

unicellular

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16
Q

organism with two or more cells; usually millions of cells (like humans)

A

multicellular

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17
Q

result of reproduction; “babies”

A

offspring

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18
Q

study of plants

A

botany

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19
Q

study of animals

A

zoology

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20
Q

study of microscopic organisms

A

microbiology

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21
Q

study of the body

A

physiology

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22
Q

simplest chemical substance

A

element

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23
Q

combination of two or more different elements; examples: CO2, H2O, etc.

A

compound

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24
Q

substance with pH below 7

A

acid

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25
Q

substance with pH above 7

A

base

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26
Q

substance with pH equal to 7

A

neutral

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27
Q

substances that are made in a chemical reaction

A

products

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28
Q

substances that are the starting materials (ingredients) of a chemical reaction

A

reactants

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29
Q

used for short-term energy; building block is monosaccharides

A

carbohydrate

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30
Q

used for long-term energy; building blocks depend on the type of lipid

A

lipid

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31
Q

used for structure and enzymes; building blocks are amino acids

A

proteins

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32
Q

used to pass on genetic information; building blocks are nucleotide

A

nucleic acid

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33
Q

protein that helps start biochemical reactions; lowers the activation energy

A

enzyme

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34
Q

evenly mixed substances; examples: Kool-Aid, salt water, etc.

A

solution

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35
Q

simple cells; have single loop of DNA without a nucleus; bacteria

A

prokaryotic

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36
Q

complex cells; have a nucleus and organelles; many linear DNA molecules; animals, plants, etc.

A

eukaryotic

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37
Q

structure that controls cell functions; contains DNA

A

nucleus

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38
Q

found in nucleus; produces ribosomes

A

nucleolus

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39
Q

produces proteins

A

ribosomes

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40
Q

has ribosomes attached to it; produces and transports proteins

A

rough ER

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41
Q

NO ribosomes attached to it; produces and transports lipids

A

smooth ER

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42
Q

sorts and packages proteins

A

Golgi apparatus

43
Q

transports substances in and out of cells

A

vesicle

44
Q

contains digestive enzymes to break down substances in the cell

A

lysosomes

45
Q

container; usually for water

A

vacuole

46
Q

site of photosynthesis; found only in plant cells

A

chloroplast

47
Q

site of cellular respiration; produces energy for the cell (from food molecules)

A

mitochondrion

48
Q

substance that is dissolved in a solution; in salt water, the salt is the solute

A

solute

49
Q

substance that the solute is dissolved into; in salt water, the water is the solvent

A

solvent

50
Q

strength of a solution; tells us how much solute is dissolved in solutions

A

concentration

51
Q

difference in concentration; area of high concentration and area of low concentration

A

gradient

52
Q

movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low; remember food coloring in water

A

diffusion

53
Q

molecule that makes up cell membrane; polar phosphorus head; non-polar tails

A

phospholipid

54
Q

movement of water across a membrane; remember egg lab

A

osmosis

55
Q

high concentration outside cell; like egg in corn syrup; water will flow mostly out of cell

A

hypertonic

56
Q

low concentration outside cell; like egg in water; water will flow mostly into cell

A

hypotonic

57
Q

equal concentrations in and out of cell; water will flow in and out of cell

A

isotonic

58
Q

does not require energy; moves substances from high to low; diffusion and osmosis

A

passive transport

59
Q

requires energy; moves substances from low to high; endo/exocytosis, pumps

A

active transport

60
Q

moving large substances out of the cell with vesicles

A

exocytosis

61
Q

moving large substances into cell with vesicles

A

endocytosis

62
Q

converting energy fro light into food; occurs only in plants, algae, and some bacteria

A

photosynthesis

63
Q

releasing energy from food molecules; occurs in all living things

A

cellular respiration

64
Q

organism that can create its own food, as in photosynthesis; examples include plants

A

autotroph

65
Q

organism that must eat other organisms to get energy; examples include animals

A

heterotroph

66
Q

animal that eats only plants; cows are in this category

A

herbivore

67
Q

animal that eats only other animals; lions are in this category

A

carnivore

68
Q

animal that eats both plants and other animals; humans are in this category

A

omnivore

69
Q

molecule system that is used for energy; ATP has energy stored; energy released when it breaks

A

ATP-ADP

70
Q

molecule that absorbs some color of light and reflects others

A

pigment

71
Q

pigment found in leaves of plants; traps sunlight during photosynthesis

A

chlorophyll

72
Q

respiration that requires oxygen; produces more ATP than anaerobic

A

aerobic

73
Q

respiration that does not require oxygen; fermentation is an example

A

anaerobic

74
Q

part of cell cycle when cells grow and prepare to divide; includes G1, S, G2

A

interphase

75
Q

first phase of mitosis; nuclear membrane disappears, chromosomes coil, spindle fibers form

A

prophase

76
Q

second phase or mitosis; sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell

A

metaphase

77
Q

third phase of mitosis; sister chromatids are pulled apart and to opposite sides of cell

A

anaphase

78
Q

fourth phase of mitosis; nuclear membranes form; chromosomes uncoil; spindle fibers disappear

A

telophase

79
Q

final phase of cell cycle; divides cell into two separate daughter cells

A

cytokinesis

80
Q

process of cell division

A

mitosis

81
Q

DNA molecule

A

chromosome

82
Q

coiled chromosome and its copy

A

sister chromatids

83
Q

DNA makes a copy of itself; occurs during the S phase (of interphase)

A

replication

84
Q

group of diseases caused by uncontrolled cell growth and reproduction

A

cancer

85
Q

process of cell division that creates gametes

A

meiosis

86
Q

reproduction that involves two parents and gametes; results in genetically diverse offspring

A

sexual

87
Q

reproduction from one parent; results in offspring that are genetically same as the parent

A

asexual

88
Q

sex cell (egg or sperm)

A

gamete

89
Q

result of fertilization (combination of egg and sperm); single diploid cell

A

zygote

90
Q

chromosomes that are same shape, size, and genes

A

homologous chromosomes

91
Q

two sets of chromosomes

A

diploid

92
Q

one set of chromosomes

A

haploid

93
Q

chromosomes that do NOT control gender; humans have 22 of them

A

autosomes

94
Q

random mixing of parents’ chromosomes during meiosis I

A

independent assortment

95
Q

male gamete

A

sperm

96
Q

female gamete; also called egg

A

ovum

97
Q

combination of egg and sperm

A

fertilization

98
Q

asexual reproduction; offspring created from a fragment of the parent

A

fragmentation

99
Q

asexual reproduction; offspring starts like a branch off of the parent; separates when ready

A

budding

100
Q

asexual reproduction; offspring develops from an unfertilized egg

A

parthenogenesis

101
Q

asexual reproduction; offspring the result of parent splitting into two cells

A

binary fission

102
Q

What events of meiosis are responsible for genetic diversity?

A

crossing over, independent assortment, random fertilization

103
Q

how many chromosomes are in diploid and haploid cells of humans

A

diploid: 46
haploid: 23

Biology (8 decks)

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