Chapter 10 Flashcards
First Gap Phase
- cell grows
- cell performs normal functions
Synthesis
-DNA replication
Second Gap Phase
- cell grows
- cell prepares to divide
Prophase
- 1st phase of mitosis
- spindle fibers form
- nuclear membrane disappears
- chromosomes uncoil into sister chromatids
Metaphase
- 2nd phase of mitosis
- spindle fibers attach to centromeres
- sister chromatids line up in middle of cell
Anaphase
- 3rd phase of mitosis
- chromatids pulled to opposite ends of cell
- sister chromatids are separated
Telophase
- 4th phase of mitosis
- spindle fibers disappear
- nuclear membrane forms
- chromatids uncoil
Cytokinesis
- cytoplasm separated
- cell membrane pinches inward
process of nuclear division; steps of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
mitosis
protein around which DNA is wrapped
histone
DNA molecule wrapped around histone cores
nucleosome
uncoiled form of DNA: present during interphase
chromatin
segment of DNA
chromosome
thick, coiled strand of DNA: present during mitosis
chromatid
connects sister chromatids
centromere
sections of DNA that code for RNA and proteins
genes
part of cell cycle; cell grows and prepares to divide; consists of G1, S, G2 phases; most of cell’s life
interphase
cytoplasm and membrane separate; results in two identical daughter cells
cytokinesis
organelle that produces the spindle fibers
centrosome
microtubules that attach to and move the chromatids during mitosis
spindle
group of severe and potentially fatal diseases that are caused by uncontrolled cell growth
cancer
mass of rapidly dividing cancer cells; can invade and destroy nearby tissues
tumor
tumor that can spread to other body parts
malignant
tumor that remains localized
benign
piece of tumor breaks away and spreads to other part(s) of the body
metastasis
why do cells divide
to grow more tissue, replaced damaged or dead cells, to keep from getting to big
how is DNA packaged in the nucleus
package in different forms (chromatin, chromatids) depending on the phase of the cell cycle
how are prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA different
prokaryotic: single loop of DNA
eukaryotic: several linear molecules of DNA
how do cells prepare for division
DNA is replicated and special structures are formed to help with division
how do prokaryotic cells divide
- DNA replicated
- Cell membrane pinches between copies of DNA
- Cell grows; nearly doubling in size
- Cell wall forms and pinches in the middle
- Cell separates completely into two cells
what factors control cell growth and division
- checkpoints are points in the cell cycle when a feedback signal is required
- proper cell size and structures can affect cell growth and division at checkpoints
how do feedback signals affect the cell cycle
feedback signals cause the cell cycle to proceed to the next stop or pause
checks for appropriate size and structures
G1 checkpoint
checks for accurate replication of DNA
G2 checkpoint
checks for proper attachments of spindle fibers to centromeres
mitosis checkpoint
what ways are there to treat cancer
- surgery
- chemotherapy
- radiation
a segment of DNA that codes for RNA and protein is a
gene
which is a substance consisting of DNA and protein
chromatin
uncoiled version of chromosomes
chromatin
the repeated sequence of growth and division during the life of a cell is called
the cell cycle
the first three phases of the life cycle are called
interphase
what is the process during which the nucleus of a cell is divided into two nuclei
mitosis
the phase of cell division when the cytoplasm is divided is called
cytokinesis
during cell division, each single strand of DNA becomes fully condensed in the form of a
chromatid
uncoiled
chromatin
coiled
chromatid
a type of protein found in eukaryotic chromosomes but not prokaryotic is
histone
during cell division, sister chromatids are separated at the
centromere
which of these is a network of microtubules that forms during mitosis to pull chromatids to opposite ends of a cell
spindle
a group of severe and sometimes fatal diseases caused by uncontrolled cell growth
cancer
a mass of defective cells that divide rapidly is a
tumor
cell growth and division depend on
protein signals and environmental signals
mb
nnm
