Chapter 11 Flashcards
Which types of cells are haploid and which are diploid?
Every cell in the body is diploid except gametes, which are haploid.
Sex chromosomes
- which determine female?
- which determine male?
Female: XX
Male: XY
What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?
-offspring are more genetically diverse
-less likely to be wiped out by a change in environment
(not true of genetic clones that result from asexual reproduction)
What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?
-simple
-requires less:
Time
Resources
Energy
What are the different types of asexual reproduction?
- binary fission
- fragmentation
- budding
- parthenogenesis
What are characteristics if asexual reproduction?
- one parent
- genetically identical (offspring to parent)
- simple
- no gametes
Fertilization
gametes from parents fuse in this process
Combination of generic material from both parents
What is the difference between Haploid and Diploid?
Diploid has 2 sets of chromosomes
Haploid has one set of chromosomes
Homologous chromosomes
The pairs of chromosomes that the diploid cells have
-similar in size, shape, and kind of genes
How many chromosomes are in human cells?
46 diploid
23 haploid
What is crossing-over?
Homologous chromosomes pair and exchange information
When does crossing-over occur?
Prophase 1
What things add to genetic variety?
Crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization
When does DNA replication happen?
…
What are the results of meiosis?
During meiosis, four haploid cells are produced from a diploid cell
(4 haploid cells)
What is the difference between haploid and diploid life cycles?
…
What is a tatrad?
Homologous chromosomes and their copies
What are male gametes?
Sperm
What are female gametes?
Ovum
What is the difference between egg and sperm production?
…
Sperm-4 haploid cells change in form and develops a tail to form 4 sperm cells
-results in 4 sperm cells
Egg-2 haploid cells formed in meiosis 1, have unequal amounts of cytoplasm, larger cell becomes egg and others die off
-results in 1large ovum?
What is the difference between sporophyte and gametophyte?
Sporophyte: (multicellular diploid phase) produces spores
Gametophyte: (multicellular haploid phase) produces gametes
Which life cycle are humans?
Diploid
An organism’s reproductive cells, such as sperm or egg cells are called
Gametes
Chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and genetic content are called
Homologous chromosomes
When a cell contains two sets of chromosomes
Diploid
When a cell contains one set of chromosomes
Haploid
A type of cell division that halves the number of chromosomes is known as
Meiosis
What process occurs during prophase 1 of meiosis
Crossing-over
The union of the gametes during fertilization leads to the production of a
Zygote
The random distribution of homologous chromosomes in the formation of the gametes is
Independent assortment
What gamete is produced in quantities of our cells during meiosis?
Sperm
What gamete is produced as one large cell and three smaller cells during meiosis?
Ova
Diploid is an example of a
Life cycle
Contain genes that determine whether offspring is female or male
Sex chromosomes
XX
Female
XY
Male
Homologous chromosomes and their copies
Tetrads
