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Biology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which types of cells are haploid and which are diploid?

A

Every cell in the body is diploid except gametes, which are haploid.

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2
Q

Sex chromosomes

  • which determine female?
  • which determine male?
A

Female: XX
Male: XY

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3
Q

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

A

-offspring are more genetically diverse
-less likely to be wiped out by a change in environment
(not true of genetic clones that result from asexual reproduction)

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4
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

A

-simple
-requires less:
Time
Resources
Energy

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5
Q

What are the different types of asexual reproduction?

A
  • binary fission
  • fragmentation
  • budding
  • parthenogenesis
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6
Q

What are characteristics if asexual reproduction?

A
  • one parent
  • genetically identical (offspring to parent)
  • simple
  • no gametes
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7
Q

Fertilization

A

gametes from parents fuse in this process

Combination of generic material from both parents

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8
Q

What is the difference between Haploid and Diploid?

A

Diploid has 2 sets of chromosomes

Haploid has one set of chromosomes

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9
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

The pairs of chromosomes that the diploid cells have

-similar in size, shape, and kind of genes

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10
Q

How many chromosomes are in human cells?

A

46 diploid

23 haploid

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11
Q

What is crossing-over?

A

Homologous chromosomes pair and exchange information

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12
Q

When does crossing-over occur?

A

Prophase 1

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13
Q

What things add to genetic variety?

A

Crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization

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14
Q

When does DNA replication happen?

A

…

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15
Q

What are the results of meiosis?

A

During meiosis, four haploid cells are produced from a diploid cell

(4 haploid cells)

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16
Q

What is the difference between haploid and diploid life cycles?

A

…

17
Q

What is a tatrad?

A

Homologous chromosomes and their copies

18
Q

What are male gametes?

A

Sperm

19
Q

What are female gametes?

A

Ovum

20
Q

What is the difference between egg and sperm production?

A

…
Sperm-4 haploid cells change in form and develops a tail to form 4 sperm cells
-results in 4 sperm cells
Egg-2 haploid cells formed in meiosis 1, have unequal amounts of cytoplasm, larger cell becomes egg and others die off
-results in 1large ovum?

21
Q

What is the difference between sporophyte and gametophyte?

A

Sporophyte: (multicellular diploid phase) produces spores
Gametophyte: (multicellular haploid phase) produces gametes

22
Q

Which life cycle are humans?

A

Diploid

23
Q

An organism’s reproductive cells, such as sperm or egg cells are called

A

Gametes

24
Q

Chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and genetic content are called

A

Homologous chromosomes

25
Q

When a cell contains two sets of chromosomes

A

Diploid

26
Q

When a cell contains one set of chromosomes

A

Haploid

27
Q

A type of cell division that halves the number of chromosomes is known as

A

Meiosis

28
Q

What process occurs during prophase 1 of meiosis

A

Crossing-over

29
Q

The union of the gametes during fertilization leads to the production of a

A

Zygote

30
Q

The random distribution of homologous chromosomes in the formation of the gametes is

A

Independent assortment

31
Q

What gamete is produced in quantities of our cells during meiosis?

A

Sperm

32
Q

What gamete is produced as one large cell and three smaller cells during meiosis?

A

Ova

33
Q

Diploid is an example of a

A

Life cycle

34
Q

Contain genes that determine whether offspring is female or male

A

Sex chromosomes

35
Q

XX

A

Female

36
Q

XY

A

Male

37
Q

Homologous chromosomes and their copies

A

Tetrads

Biology (8 decks)

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