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Biology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the process some organisms are able to use by which they convert light to chemical energy

A

photosynthesis

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2
Q

the main method photosynthesizing organisms use for carbon dioxide fixation

A

Calvin cycle

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3
Q

a set of chemical reactions that break down pyruvate, producing electron carriers for an electron transport chain that powers ATP production

A

Krebs cycle

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4
Q

the process cells use to produce energy from carbohydrates

A

cellular respiration

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5
Q

a substance that absorbs some wavelengths of light and reflects others, giving something its color

A

pigment

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6
Q

the green substance that absorbs light and provides energy for photosynthesis

A

chlorophyll

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7
Q

disc-shaped sacs in chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs

A

thylakoid

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8
Q

the series of molecules in the inner membranes of chloroplasts and mitochondria down which excited electons pass, releasing energy for ATP production

A

electron transport chain

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9
Q

process by which NAD* is recycled under anaerobic conditions in order to continue the break down of carbohydrates to supply energy for producing ATP

A

fermentation

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10
Q

adenosine triphosphate, a substance that stores and releases energy for most cell processes

A

ATP

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11
Q

describes a process that requires oxygen

A

aerobic

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12
Q

describes a process that does not require oxygen

A

anaerobic

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13
Q

the process by which glucose is broken down into pyruvate in the absence of oxygen, producing a small amount of ATP

A

glycolysis

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14
Q

the enzyme that aids in the production of adenosine triphosphat and which also acts as a carrier protein for hydrogen ions in active transport across a membrane

A

ATP synthase

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15
Q

What is the main fuel for cellular respiration?

A

glucose

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16
Q

What step of cellular respiration uses 2ATP to make 4ATP

A

glycolysis

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17
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur

A

chloroplasts

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18
Q

What is produced during cellular respiration?

A

oxygen

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19
Q

herbivore

A

plant eater

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20
Q

carnivore

A

flesh/meat eater

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21
Q

omnivore

A

all eaters (eat both)

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22
Q

What type of organism can produce its own food?

A

autotroph

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23
Q

What type of organism can NOT make make its own food?

A

heterotroph

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24
Q

During ATP synthase a phosphate group is added to a molecule of …. resulting in ATP.

A

ADP

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25
Q

stroma

A

…

26
Q

pyruvate

A

…

27
Q

Why do all organisms need energy?

A

to maintain homeostasis

28
Q

inputs and outputs of photosynthesis

A

inputs: carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)
outputs: glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2)

29
Q

where does photosynthesis occur?

A

chloroplasts

30
Q

6 CO2 + 6H2O -light energy-> C6H12O6 + 6O2

A

photosynthesis

31
Q

inputs and outputs of cellular respiration

A

inputs: glucose and oxygen
outputs: carbon dioxide and water

32
Q

Where does cellular respiration occur?

A

mitochondria

33
Q

plants, algae, and some bacteria

A

autotrophs

34
Q

turtle, cow, bunny

A

heterotroph; herbivores

35
Q

sharks, tigers

A

heterotroph; carnivores

36
Q

humans, bears

A

heterotrophs; ominvores

37
Q

example of a food chain (from Sun)

A

Sun –> grass –> rabbit –> hawk

38
Q

what absorbs light during photosynthesis?

A

chlorophyll

39
Q

Where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur?

A

thylakoid membranes

40
Q

Where do the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis occur?

A

…

41
Q

inputs and outputs of the light-dependent reactions?

A

inputs: water (H2O) and light energy
outputs: oxygen (O2), NADPH, and ATP

42
Q

inputs and outputs of the light-independent reactions?

A

inputs: carbon dioxide (CO2), NADPH, and ATP
outputs: glucose

43
Q

NADPH?, NADH, FADH

A

electron carriers

44
Q

carbon fixation

A

light-independent reactions

45
Q

What kind of organisms undergo cellular respiration?

A

all organisms

46
Q

Glycolysis

A

input: one glucose molecule
output: two pyruvate molecules
(2ATP –> 4ATP) (net gain: 2ATP) (+2electron carriers)

47
Q

Kreb’s Cycle

A

inputs: oxygen and pyruvate
outputs (per glucose): 2ATP, electron carriers, CO2
(electron carriers proceed to electron transport chain)

48
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

inputs: electons power H* ion pumps = H* gradient
output: up to 34? ATP
(H* combine with oxygen and electrons to form water)

49
Q

Fermentation

A

-oxygen not available
-produces ATP
Lactic Acid Fermentation or Alcohol Fermentation

50
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A
  • performed by animals (including humans)

- produces lactic acid

51
Q

Alcohol Fermentation

A
  • performed by yeasts

- produces ethyl alcohol and CO2

52
Q

aerobic pathway:

A

glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, electron transport chain

53
Q

anaerobic pathway:

A

glycolysis, fermentaion

54
Q

Which method is more effective, produces more ATP per glucose molecle

A

aerobic

55
Q

ATP to ADP system

A
  1. one phosphate group is removed, ADP is formed and energy is released
  2. energy can also be restored in ATP be reattaching a phosphate
56
Q

Adenosine diphosphate

A

ADP

57
Q

ATP to ADP system 1

A

ATP -break bond-> ADP + P +energy(released)

58
Q

ATP to ADP system 2

A

ADP + P + energy(stored) -make bond-> ATP

59
Q

adenosine triphosphate

A

ATP

60
Q

what is the main energy source for cellular activities?

A

ATP

Biology (8 decks)

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