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Biology > Chapter 34 > Flashcards

Chapter 34 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a cell that can develop into many different types of cells

A

stem cell

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2
Q

the basic building blocks of every living organism

A

cell

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3
Q

how are embryonic stem cells different from adult stem cells?

A

Embryonic stem cells are harvested from eggs that were fertilized in the laboratory and donated for research (human embryo is destroyed to obtain them) and adult stem cells used in research are taken from adult tissue

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4
Q

tissue that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity

ex: skin and the lining of the respiratory system

A

Epithelial Tissue

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5
Q

tissue of the nervous system, including neurons and their supporting cells
carries information throughout the body

A

Nervous Tissue

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6
Q

a tissue that connects and supports other tissues

ex: fat, cartilage, bone, tendons, blood

A

connective tissue

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7
Q

the tissue made of cells that can contract and relax to produce movement

A

muscle tissue

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8
Q

what are the three types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle

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9
Q

what are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

to protect and support the body and organs; to work with skeletal muscles; to produce red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

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10
Q

What are the two divisions of the skeletal system

A

the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton

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11
Q

axial system

A

forms the central axis of the body

includes: the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum

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12
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

includes the appendages

including: shoulders, arms, hips, and legs

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13
Q

a group of similar cells that work together to perform a common function

A

tissue

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14
Q

how is the human body organized?

A

cells, tissues, organs, organ stystems

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15
Q

structures made of two or more types of tissue that work together to perform a specific function

A

organ

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16
Q

a group of organs that work together to carry out the major processes of the body

A

organ system

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17
Q

what bones make up the pectoral girdle?

A

the scapulae and the clavicles

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18
Q

What makes up the pelvic girdle?

A

the ilium, ischium, and pubis

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19
Q

What are the four basic bone shapes?

A

long, short, flat, and irregular

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20
Q

the steady internal environment that your body maintains, despite changes in the external environment

A

homeostasis

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21
Q

a system in which the results of a process provide the signal for the process to stop

A

negative feedback

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22
Q
  • early stage of embryonic stem cells

- have potential to become entire human

A

totipotent

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23
Q
  • later stage embryonic stem cells

- can become all tissues; NOT entire human

A

pluripotent

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24
Q
  • adult stem cells

- can only become part of tissue from which they are derived

A

multipotent

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25
Q

bone made of tightly packed mature bone cells called osteocytes

A

compact bone

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26
Q

bones are covered by a tough membrane called the …

A

periosteum

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27
Q

What is the difference between compact bone and spongy bone?

A

compact bone is tightly packed osteocytes and sponge bone is less tightly packed and the space is filled by bone marrow

28
Q

soft tissue inside bones that produces blood cells

A

red bone marrow

29
Q

soft tissue inside bones that stores fat

A

yellow bone marrow

30
Q

a mature bone cell that maintains the mineral content of bones

A

osteocyte

31
Q

a type of connective tissue that cushions joints, makes up flexible body parts (ears and nose), and serves as a template for bone formation

A

cartilage

32
Q

cancer of the blood-forming organs

A

leukemia

33
Q

a condition in which bones become brittle and are easily broken

A

osteoporosis

34
Q

a place where two or more bones meet

A

joint

35
Q

how are joints classified?

A

by their structure and by the way they move

36
Q

what are the types of joints

A

immovable joint - skull
slightly movable joint - spine & rib cage
freely movable joints - joints of appendages

37
Q

what is the difference between an open and closed fracture

A

…

38
Q

a type of connective tissue that holds together the bones in a joint

A

ligament

39
Q

injury to joint when a joint is bet to far or in the wrong direction

A

sprain

40
Q

a disease from the result of cartilage protecting joints is damaged

A

arthritis

41
Q

a common disorder in athletes and musicians in which the Bursae sacs become swollen and painful

A

bursitis

42
Q

what are the functions of the muscular system

A

muscles move the body from place to place; to move substances through the body; to provide structure and support

43
Q

a tough connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone

A

tendon

44
Q

a muscle that bends a joint

A

flexor

45
Q

a muscle that extends a joint

A

extensor

46
Q

the only type of muscle you can control

A

voluntary muscle

47
Q

the type of muscle you cannot control its movement

A

involuntary muscle

48
Q

what are the differences between the types of muscle tissue?

A

skeletal muscle
-voluntary
-attached to bones; responsible for movement
-cells have many nuclei & striations
smooth muscle
-involuntary
-lines walls of blood vessels, digestive organs, uterus & bladder
-cells have one nucleus; interlaced in sheets
Cardiac Muscle
-involuntary
-one nucleus & striated

49
Q

stripes

A

striations

50
Q

What is the difference between fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscle fibers

A

fast-twitch : resist fatigue; produce little force

slow-twitch : produces great force; fatigue quickly

51
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system

A

to protect against injury, infection, and fluid loss; to help regulate body temperature

52
Q

What gives skin its color?

A

melanin

53
Q

What is the relationship between UV radiation and melanin?

A

melanin absorbs UV radiation, which can damage DNA and cause skin cancer. When the skin is exposed to UV rays, skin cells produce more melanin

54
Q

the condition in which muscle mass is lost

A

atrophy

55
Q

tendons that are repeatedly stressed can become inflamed resulting in …

A

tendonitis

56
Q

the outer layer of cells

outer layer of skin

A

epidermis

57
Q

the layer of skin below the epidermis

A

dermis

58
Q

the layer of cells beneath the dermis

A

subcutaneous

59
Q

oily secretion of the sebaceous glands

A

sebum

60
Q

a pigment the helps determine skin and hair color

A

melanin

61
Q

a hard protein that makes up hair and nails

A

keratin

62
Q

a hereditary skin disorder that causes red, scaly patches

A

psoriasis

63
Q

type of skin cancer that develops in epidermal cells that do not produce malenin

A

carcinomas

64
Q

cancer that occurs in pigment-producing epidermal cells

A

melanoma

65
Q

nails grow from an area of the nail called the …

A

nail matrix

66
Q

hair begins in the part of the follicle called the …

A

hair bulb

Biology (8 decks)

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