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biology > Semester Exam Review > Flashcards

Semester Exam Review Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define population

A

Group of same species

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2
Q

Define community

A

All different living things

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3
Q

Define ecosystem

A

All living things plus nonliving things

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4
Q

Define biome

A

Similar climate and communities

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5
Q

Define biosphere

A

Places on earth where life is found

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6
Q

Define producers

A

An organism that produces its own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis and constitutes the first traffic level in a food chain; an autotroph

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7
Q

Define autotroph

A

An organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances

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8
Q

Define consumer

A

Organisms of a food chain that receive energy by consuming other organisms

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9
Q

Define heterotroph

A

An organism deriving it’s nutritional requirements from complex organic substances

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10
Q

Define decomposers

A

Organisms that feed on dead organisms and turn organic matter into non-organic matter

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11
Q

Define herbivore

A

Get energy from plants

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12
Q

Define carnivore

A

Get energy from meat

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13
Q

Define omnivore

A

Gets energy from both plants and meat

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14
Q

Define food chain

A

Shows flow of energy with only a few organisms

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15
Q

Define food web

A

Shows flow of energy of a whole community

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16
Q

Define biomass

A

Amount of organic matter

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17
Q

Define trophic level

A

Levels of a food chain

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18
Q

Define nitrogen fixation

A

Taking nitrogen from atmosphere and turning it into ammonia

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19
Q

Define Greenhouse effect

A

The trapping of the Suns heat inside earths atmosphere need for life

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20
Q

Define Legumes

A

Plants with nitrogen fixing bacteria

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21
Q

Define climate

A

The weather conditions of the area all the time

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22
Q

Define biogeochemical cycles

A

Carbon, water, and nitrogen cycles

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23
Q

Define biotic factors

A

Living factors

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24
Q

Define abiotic factors

A

Non-living factors

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25
Q

Define symbiosis

A

When two or more species live in a relationship

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26
Q

Define mutualism

A

Both species benefit

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27
Q

Define commensalism

A

One species benefits the other is not affected

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28
Q

Define parasitism

A

One species benefits the other is harmed

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29
Q

Define primary succession

A

Starts on Bare rock

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30
Q

Define secondary succession

A

Life already existed

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31
Q

Define climax community-

A

Stable community which has reached equilibrium after having evolved through stages

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32
Q

Define non-native species

A

Species that are native to the area they are in

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33
Q

Define population density

A

Number of individuals in an area

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34
Q

Define purebred

A

Organisms would produce identical offspring

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35
Q

Define hybrid

A

Mix between two different species

36
Q

Define self pollination

A

Pollen from one flower pollinating the same flowers

37
Q

define cross pollination

A

Pollen from one flower goes to another flower

38
Q

Define alleles

A

Different forms of the same gene

39
Q

Define probability

A

The chance of something happening

40
Q

Define genotype

A

The type of allele

41
Q

Define phenotype

A

Physical feature

42
Q

Define incomplete dominance

A

a third in between phenotype exists

43
Q

Define codominance

A

Both alleles are expressed independently

44
Q

Define multiple alleles

A

More than two alleles for one pair of genes

45
Q

Find polygenic

A

Many pairs of genes for the same trait

46
Q

Define diploid

A

Both sets of chromosomes

47
Q

Define haploid

A

One set of chromosomes

48
Q

Define gametes

A

Sex cells

49
Q

Define crossing over

A

The exchange of genes between a homologous chromosomes resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics

50
Q

Define chromosomes

A

The threadlike structure of nucleic acid and protein found in the nucleus of most living things carrying genetic information in the form of genes

51
Q

Define replication

A

Taking one original DNA molecule and producing two identical replicas

52
Q

Define transcription

A

A certain segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase

53
Q

Define translation

A

When mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes interact to form protein

54
Q

Define codon

A

Every three mRNA bases for one amino acid

55
Q

Define anti-codon

A

Three tRNA bases which join the codon

56
Q

Find mutation

A

Alteration in sequence of nucleotides

57
Q

Define insertion

A

One or more nucleotide is added and it changes the amino acid

58
Q

Define deletion

A

When you take one or more out of the sequence and it changes the amino acid

59
Q

Define substitution

A

Silent, missense, nonsense some change the amino acid and others don’t

60
Q

Define frameshift

A

When one or more nucleotide is inserted or deleted causing a change in the sequence that alters the protein

61
Q

Define acquired characteristics

A

Characteristics that you get after you were born

examples tan and hair dye

62
Q

Define diversity

A

Range of different things

63
Q

Define natural selection

A

Where organisms to have better adapted survive and produce offspring

64
Q

Define adaptation

A

Change by which the organism becomes better suited to its environment

65
Q

Define comparative anatomy

A

The study of anatomical structures and evolutionary relationships

66
Q

Define homologous

A

More design but different function (common ancestor)

67
Q

Define analogous

A

Similar function but different design (no common ancestor)

68
Q

Define vestigial structures

A

Parts with no apparent function

69
Q

What is the parts of the water cycle?

A

Precipitation to runoffs to evaporation/transpiration to condensation then back to precipitation

70
Q

What is the part of the carbon cycle?

A

Carbon goes into plants but when they die they become fossil fuels and when those burn the burn carbon dioxide

71
Q

What is Mendel’s principle of dominance?

A

When two different alleles are present one or will always present over the other

72
Q

What is Mendel’s principle of segregation?

A

When the sex cells form only one of each pairs of alleles will be present

73
Q

What is Mindel’s principle of independent assortment?

A

Inheritance of one trait does not influence the inheritance of another trait

74
Q

How are gametes produced?

A

Meiosis

75
Q

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

Meiosis happens to times and makes for different cells in mitosis happens once and produces two identical cells

76
Q

How many times does replication occur during meiosis?

A

Twice

77
Q

What are the three parts of DNA nucleotide? How is RNA different?

A

Phosphate, sugar, base

RNA is the opposite

78
Q

How many RNA types are there?

A

Two: mRNA and tRNA

79
Q

What are the steps in protein synthesis?

A
  1. ) copy of one side of DNA strand is made
  2. ) MRNA moves to cytoplasm then ribosome
  3. ) MRNA goes the ribosome three bases at a time
  4. ) TRNA matches up with the open DNA bases
  5. ) TRNA releases the amino acid at top which joins the chain of amino acids being produced
80
Q

How do you convert DNA into a polypeptide chain using a codon chart?

A

Sections of three letters turned into mRNA and those three letters are code for certain amino acids

81
Q

What observations did Darwin make on the Galapagos Islands when he observes species?

A

Finches iguanas and tortoises

82
Q

What is the name of the book Darwin wrote?

A

The origin of species by means of natural selection

83
Q

What is descent with modification?

A

Adaptation through generations of species

84
Q

What is gene shuffling and what does that have to do with inheritance differences?

A

To fix mutations by making a mutation that is good

85
Q

Define individual

A

Single organism

biology (9 decks)

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