Semester Exam Review Flashcards
Define population
Group of same species
Define community
All different living things
Define ecosystem
All living things plus nonliving things
Define biome
Similar climate and communities
Define biosphere
Places on earth where life is found
Define producers
An organism that produces its own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis and constitutes the first traffic level in a food chain; an autotroph
Define autotroph
An organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances
Define consumer
Organisms of a food chain that receive energy by consuming other organisms
Define heterotroph
An organism deriving it’s nutritional requirements from complex organic substances
Define decomposers
Organisms that feed on dead organisms and turn organic matter into non-organic matter
Define herbivore
Get energy from plants
Define carnivore
Get energy from meat
Define omnivore
Gets energy from both plants and meat
Define food chain
Shows flow of energy with only a few organisms
Define food web
Shows flow of energy of a whole community
Define biomass
Amount of organic matter
Define trophic level
Levels of a food chain
Define nitrogen fixation
Taking nitrogen from atmosphere and turning it into ammonia
Define Greenhouse effect
The trapping of the Suns heat inside earths atmosphere need for life
Define Legumes
Plants with nitrogen fixing bacteria
Define climate
The weather conditions of the area all the time
Define biogeochemical cycles
Carbon, water, and nitrogen cycles
Define biotic factors
Living factors
Define abiotic factors
Non-living factors
Define symbiosis
When two or more species live in a relationship
Define mutualism
Both species benefit
Define commensalism
One species benefits the other is not affected
Define parasitism
One species benefits the other is harmed
Define primary succession
Starts on Bare rock
Define secondary succession
Life already existed
Define climax community-
Stable community which has reached equilibrium after having evolved through stages
Define non-native species
Species that are native to the area they are in
Define population density
Number of individuals in an area
Define purebred
Organisms would produce identical offspring
Define hybrid
Mix between two different species
Define self pollination
Pollen from one flower pollinating the same flowers
define cross pollination
Pollen from one flower goes to another flower
Define alleles
Different forms of the same gene
Define probability
The chance of something happening
Define genotype
The type of allele
Define phenotype
Physical feature
Define incomplete dominance
a third in between phenotype exists
Define codominance
Both alleles are expressed independently
Define multiple alleles
More than two alleles for one pair of genes
Find polygenic
Many pairs of genes for the same trait
Define diploid
Both sets of chromosomes
Define haploid
One set of chromosomes
Define gametes
Sex cells
Define crossing over
The exchange of genes between a homologous chromosomes resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics
Define chromosomes
The threadlike structure of nucleic acid and protein found in the nucleus of most living things carrying genetic information in the form of genes
Define replication
Taking one original DNA molecule and producing two identical replicas
Define transcription
A certain segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase
Define translation
When mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes interact to form protein
Define codon
Every three mRNA bases for one amino acid
Define anti-codon
Three tRNA bases which join the codon
Find mutation
Alteration in sequence of nucleotides
Define insertion
One or more nucleotide is added and it changes the amino acid
Define deletion
When you take one or more out of the sequence and it changes the amino acid
Define substitution
Silent, missense, nonsense some change the amino acid and others don’t
Define frameshift
When one or more nucleotide is inserted or deleted causing a change in the sequence that alters the protein
Define acquired characteristics
Characteristics that you get after you were born
examples tan and hair dye
Define diversity
Range of different things
Define natural selection
Where organisms to have better adapted survive and produce offspring
Define adaptation
Change by which the organism becomes better suited to its environment
Define comparative anatomy
The study of anatomical structures and evolutionary relationships
Define homologous
More design but different function (common ancestor)
Define analogous
Similar function but different design (no common ancestor)
Define vestigial structures
Parts with no apparent function
What is the parts of the water cycle?
Precipitation to runoffs to evaporation/transpiration to condensation then back to precipitation
What is the part of the carbon cycle?
Carbon goes into plants but when they die they become fossil fuels and when those burn the burn carbon dioxide
What is Mendel’s principle of dominance?
When two different alleles are present one or will always present over the other
What is Mendel’s principle of segregation?
When the sex cells form only one of each pairs of alleles will be present
What is Mindel’s principle of independent assortment?
Inheritance of one trait does not influence the inheritance of another trait
How are gametes produced?
Meiosis
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Meiosis happens to times and makes for different cells in mitosis happens once and produces two identical cells
How many times does replication occur during meiosis?
Twice
What are the three parts of DNA nucleotide? How is RNA different?
Phosphate, sugar, base
RNA is the opposite
How many RNA types are there?
Two: mRNA and tRNA
What are the steps in protein synthesis?
- ) copy of one side of DNA strand is made
- ) MRNA moves to cytoplasm then ribosome
- ) MRNA goes the ribosome three bases at a time
- ) TRNA matches up with the open DNA bases
- ) TRNA releases the amino acid at top which joins the chain of amino acids being produced
How do you convert DNA into a polypeptide chain using a codon chart?
Sections of three letters turned into mRNA and those three letters are code for certain amino acids
What observations did Darwin make on the Galapagos Islands when he observes species?
Finches iguanas and tortoises
What is the name of the book Darwin wrote?
The origin of species by means of natural selection
What is descent with modification?
Adaptation through generations of species
What is gene shuffling and what does that have to do with inheritance differences?
To fix mutations by making a mutation that is good
Define individual
Single organism
