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Biology I Honors > semester exam review > Flashcards

semester exam review Flashcards

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0
Q

in which area of biology is DNA most likely to be studied

A

information and heredity

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1
Q

What is science

A

an organize way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world

everything we know about the natural world

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2
Q

what is the first step of the scientific method

A

State the problem

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3
Q

what is a theory

A

when evidence from numerous experiments supports the hypothesis

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4
Q

what is data

A

The info you collect during your observations

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5
Q

what is a hypothesis

A

a proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations

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6
Q

what are the goals of science

A

to provide natural explanations for natural events in the world, understand patterns to make predictions about future events

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7
Q

how many variables should you test at one time

A

1

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8
Q

what is the basic unit of length in the metric system

A

meter

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9
Q

what questions cannot be answered in science

A

questions outside the natural world

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10
Q

why do all scientists the metric system

A

it is convenient to all use the same system and easier to convert without conversion factors

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11
Q

what types of molecules will not dissolve in water

A

Nonpolar molecules

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12
Q

what is the mass number

A

the average weight of all isotopes of that element

protons and neutrons

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13
Q

if an atom loses electrons what charge would have

A

positive

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14
Q

what are Van der waal’s forces

A

when molecules move together the slight positive and negative regions can create attraction

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15
Q

how is a suspension different from a solution

A

a solution has a solute being dissolved in a solvent

suspension is a mixture of water & non dissolving particles

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16
Q

The electrons located in an atom

A

in the electron cloud

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17
Q

what is the atomic number

A

number of protons or electrons in the atom

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18
Q

on the pH scale what is the most acidic number

A

0

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19
Q

how does the ion concentration of a base differ from an acid

A

acids have more hydrogen ions

bases have more hydroxide ions

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20
Q

explain why water is polar

A

water molecules attract to each other in hydrogen bonds

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21
Q

what is a compound

A

substance formed by the chemical combination of 2 or more elements in a definite proportion

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22
Q

what is an isotope

A

atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

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23
Q

what type of electrons participate in bonds

A

valence

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24
Q

what is a covalent bond

A

when 2 atoms share an electron to become stable resulting in formation of molecules

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25
Q

what are the functions of proteins

A

structure in hair, muscles, bones

enzymes speed up chem. reactions

transport

fight diseases

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26
Q

what macromolecule are normally hydrocarbons

A

lipids

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27
Q

what is an endergonic reaction

A

a chem. reaction in which heat energy is absorbed

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28
Q

what can cause a protein to lose its shape

A

denaturation from pH

salinity

temperature

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29
Q

what carbohydrate makes up plant cell walls

A

cellulose

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30
Q

in a chemical reaction where are the reactants located in terms of the arrow

A

before the arrow

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31
Q

what is a monosaccharide

A

simple sugars consisting of 1 carbon ring

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32
Q

What is a catalyst

A

substances that speed up the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the amount of activation energy

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33
Q

what is activation energy

A

The amount of energy needed to get a chemical reaction started

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34
Q

what is a monomer

A

small molecules that can form into a polymer

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35
Q

what type of saccharide is sucrose

A

disaccharide

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36
Q

how many covalent bonds can carbon form

A

four

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37
Q

what is the function of wax on plant leaves

A

it is a water proof coating on plants

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38
Q

what type of organic molecule is cholesterol

A

steroid

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39
Q

what three things happen in a chemical reaction

A

Old bonds break

molecules rearrange

New bonds form

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40
Q

what is the function of the cell membrane

A

it separates a cell from its environment

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41
Q

how much more visible are details when viewing an electron microscope

A

1000x

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42
Q

what type of material can easily pass through the cell membrane

A

lipids

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43
Q

what is the role of protein channels and pumps

A

to move molecules in and out of the cell

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44
Q

Who invented the first compound lens microscope

A

Zacharias Janssen and his father Hans

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45
Q

how are active and passive transport different

A

active transport – cells may need to move against concentration gradient

passive transport – molecules move from high to low concentration gradient using no energy

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46
Q

what had to be invented before the discovery of the cell

A

microscope

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47
Q

what type of environment do animal cells prefer

A

isotonic

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48
Q

Who discovered and named cells

A

Robert Hook

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49
Q

what causes a cell to lyce in freshwater

A

there is more water than solute in the cell and it ruptures

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50
Q

what did Verchow conclude

A

cells come from pre-existing cells

51
Q

what is osmosis

A

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

52
Q

Who observed the first living cell

A

Robert Hook

53
Q

what type of image does a scanning electron microscope produce

A

3-D image of surface of specimen

54
Q

what type of cell do bacteria have

A

prokaryote

55
Q

what is the function of smooth ER

A

it makes membrane lipids and detoxifies drugs

56
Q

what is homeostasis

A

relatively constant internal, physical, and chemical conditions organisms contain

57
Q

what is the function of centrioles

A

they help organize cell division

58
Q

what is a tissue

A

A massive cells designed for a specific purpose

59
Q

what is found inside the nucleus

A

DNA, chromatin, nucleolus

60
Q

what is the function of the lysosome

A

digests lipids, carbs and proteins, and gets rid of worn-out organelles

61
Q

what organelle contains cristae

A

The inner membrane of mitochondria

62
Q

what makes ribosomes

A

nucleolus

63
Q

trace the path of a protein in a cell

A

ribosome, rough ER, golgi, out of cell

64
Q

what is the function of microtubules and microfilaments

A

they support and transport

Microfilaments are made of actin

microtubules made of tubulin and move chromosomes during cell division

65
Q

what’s the levels of organization from simple to most complex

A

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

66
Q

where does the Calvin cycle take place

A

Stroma

67
Q

how does light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis

A

speeds up the rate by exciting of electrons to a certain degree until all are excited

68
Q

what did ingenhousz conclude

A

light is needed in photosynthesis

69
Q

what are Grana

A

stacks of thylakoids

70
Q

what type of plant is corn

A

C4

71
Q

how does the amount of carbon dioxide affect the rate of photosynthesis

A

it will increase the rate but only up to a point

72
Q

what is the end product of the Calvin cycle

A

sugar

73
Q

what is the ultimate source of energy

A

sun

74
Q

what is the difference between a C-3, C4, and CAM plant

A

C3 converts CO2 into a 3C molecule G3P

C4 converts CO2 into a 4C molecule

CAM stores CO2 at night then uses during day

75
Q

how is energy released from ATP

A

The bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate breaks

76
Q

what is another name for the Calvin cycle

A

light independent

77
Q

what is the function of pigments

A

captures light

78
Q

what is the starting molecule for glycolysis

A

glucose

79
Q

what is the starting molecule for the Krebs cycle

A

Pyruvic acid

80
Q

what is the net yield of ATP during cellular respiration

A

38

81
Q

how efficient are we at cellular respiration

A

38%

82
Q

what does aerobic mean

A

it needs oxygen

83
Q

why is NADH needed in fermentation

A

so glycolysis can continue

84
Q

what stage of cellular respiration creates water

A

ETC

85
Q

what are the delivery trucks that bring a electrons to the ETC

A

NADH, FADH2

86
Q

why is food important

A

it provides us with the chemical building blocks we need to grow and reproduce, source of raw materials to make new cells, energy

87
Q

what is fermentation

A

converts pyruvic acid into other compounds, anaerobic respiration

88
Q

what are the sources of energy during exercise

A

ATP already in muscles, lactic acid fermentation, cellular respiration

89
Q

where does cellular respiration take place

A

glycolysis – cytosol

kreds cycle – matrix

ETC – cristae

90
Q

what happens during glycolysis

A

one molecule of glucose is broken into a 2 3C molecule called pyruvic acid

91
Q

what process is used to make wine

A

alcohol fermentation

92
Q

describe bacterial chromosomes

A

spherical and singular

93
Q

when do spindle fibers form

A

prophase

94
Q

what happens during cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm divides

95
Q

when do chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

A

metaphase

96
Q

what are the two main stages of cell division

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

97
Q

what can lead to cancer

A

mutations of genes that alter the expression of growth factors

carcinogens (tobacco, radiation)

some families at high risk due to genetics

some bacteria and viruses(HPV)

98
Q

how does contact between cells affect the rate of the cell cycle

A

it slows the cell cycle back to normal rate

99
Q

what is cancer

A

disorder in which some of the body cells lose the ability to control growth

100
Q

what happens during Interphase

A

G1, S, G2, and G0

101
Q

what is the cell plate

A

it is like the cleavage furrow in plant cells

102
Q

what happens during G1, G2, S, & M phases

A

G1 – makes proteins

S – DNA is copied

G2 – copies organelles and gets ready to divide

mitosis – chromatids split, cells divide

103
Q

The cleavage furrow marks the end of telophase and the beginning of

A

cytokinesis

104
Q

what happens during anaphase

A

spindle fibers pull the centromere’s apart allowing the sister chromatids to separate

105
Q

List the stages of mitosis in order

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

106
Q

what is the difference between haploid and diploid

A

diploid has two sets of chromosomes

haploid has one set of chromosomes

107
Q

what happens during crossing over

A

homologous chromosomes exchange segments of DNA

108
Q

when do tetrads form

A

prophase 1

109
Q

how is mitosis different from meiosis

A

mitosis – one cell division, produces diploid, two identical daughter cells, homologous pairs don’t line up

meiosis – two cell divisions, produces haploid, 4 genetically diverse cells, homologous pairs line up

110
Q

what happens during meiosis to increase genetic diversity

A

crossing over

111
Q

what process produces gametes

A

cytokinesis 2

112
Q

what is a tetrad

A

homologous pair of chromosomes that went through synapsis

113
Q

what 2 structures make seminal fluid

A

seminal vesicles and prostate glands

114
Q

where is the epididymis located and what is its function

A

in the testes where the spermatids mature

115
Q

where the ovaries located and what is their function

A

at the end of each oviduct. They are reproductive organs that produce eggs

116
Q

when does puberty start

A

ages 9 through 15. One year earlier in females

117
Q

what are the three parts of the sperm and their functions

A

Head – contains DNA and enzymes that allow entry into egg

mid piece – contains energy releasing into mitochondria

tail – locomotion

118
Q

where does fertilization take place

A

oviduct

119
Q

what is the function of the placenta

A

gives oxygen and nutrients to embryo

helps embryo get rid of waste

120
Q

what hormones cause the gonads to mature

A

follicle stimulating and lutinizing

121
Q

when is the fetal heartbeat detectable

A

months 4 to 6

122
Q

what does a blastocyst look like

A

A hollow ball of cells

123
Q

what does the amniotic sac look like

A

membrane that surrounds embryo and contains amniotic fluid

124
Q

what produces testosterone

A

testes

Biology I Honors (15 decks)

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