ch 15 Flashcards
distinguish between hybridization and inbreeding
hybridization is choosing organisms w/ different traits
inbreeding is choosing organisms w/ similar traits
what is selective breeding
when humans choose the traits
why are genetic disorders more likely with inbreeding
the more similar the gene, the more likely the parents will carry the allele
what is a gene pool
a wide variety of alleles in a population
how can breeders increase genetic diversity
they can induce a mutation by using chemicals and radiation
what does cull mean
remove or kill
define genetic engineering
it involves making changes in dna
what is transformation
process by which a cell takes in dna from a cell
what are genetic markers
genes that make it easy to distinguish bacteria
what is used to find genetic markers
antibiotic resistance genes
how can you cut dna
using restriction enzymes
distinguish between a blunt and sticky end
blunt end cant reconnect and are produced by all and haelll
sticky ends can reconnect and are formed by bamhl, hlndlll, and ecorl
describe the 6 steps of insulin production
1- gene in human genome is located & cut w/ RE
2- a plasmid is removed from bacteria & cut w/ same RE
3- human gene is inserted into plasmid
4- plasmid placed back into bacteria
5- bacteria reproduces
6- bacteria produces insulin
what other human hormone can be created in this matter
human growth hormone
what is PCR
process used to make copies of dna sample
what are the requirements of PCR
thermocycler
primers
DNA polymerase
nucleotides
where did Mullis find the DNA polymerase for PCR
hot springs of Yellowstone
what is the function of the thermocycler
it provides heat needed to seperate DNA strands
what are primers
small sections of DNA that bind @ 2 points of a sample
what is gel electrophoresis
process used to seperate DNA fragments
describe the process of gel electrophoresis
DNA fragments are placed into walls on a gel plate.
Electric current is applied.
- fragments move to + pole
explain how gel electrophoresis can be used to sequence DNA
scientists take unknown DNA sample & allow it to be copied by DNA polymerase, add bases with chemical dyes attached, dye labeled bases terminate replication, result is DNA fragments of various sizes, gel electrophoresis can then seperate fragments by size
explain how a DNA fingerprint is made
DNA is cut w/ RE
gel is ran the same way
DNA probes identify specific sequences
resulting pattern of binds can be distinguised as a certain persons
list 2 transgenic animals and the possible benefits of them
mice have immune systems like ours. scientists study diseases w/o using human subjects.
pigs grow faster & produce leaner meat
list 2 GM foods and the benefits
soybeans and corn
they contain genes to produce natural insecticide & resistance to herbicides
what are some pros and cons of transgenic organisms
pros- helpful w/ scientific studies. animals provide leaner meat. plants can be healthier and resistant to pesticides
cons- may threaten beneficial insects, overuse of weed killing compounds, small farms going out of business, not required to undergo safety testing
describe how dolly the sheep was created
1- nucleus from egg is removed & another is inserted (body cell)
2-egg is placed in surrogate
what are some pros and cons of cloning
pro- it can hopefully help save endangered species
con- very controversial
what are 2 goals of the human genome project
sequence & map the human genome
which goal has been met
sequencing (2000)
what is gene therapy
changing genes that cause genetic disorders that involves using vectors to insert the normal gene
what is the vector most often used in gene therapy
viruses
what disorders has gene therapy had some success with
cystic fibrosis, hemophilia
What is DNA Microarray?
Used to study thousands of genes at once. mRNA is removed from both types of cells and copied into single strands of DNA containing fluorescent labels.
what is the function of DNA polymerase in human DNA analysis?
Attaches to primers and begins copying DNA
