ch 15

Question 0

distinguish between hybridization and inbreeding

Answer 0

hybridization is choosing organisms w/ different traits

inbreeding is choosing organisms w/ similar traits

Question 1

what is selective breeding

Answer 1

when humans choose the traits

Question 2

why are genetic disorders more likely with inbreeding

Answer 2

the more similar the gene, the more likely the parents will carry the allele

Question 3

what is a gene pool

Answer 3

a wide variety of alleles in a population

Question 4

how can breeders increase genetic diversity

Answer 4

they can induce a mutation by using chemicals and radiation

Question 5

what does cull mean

Answer 5

remove or kill

Question 6

define genetic engineering

Answer 6

it involves making changes in dna

Question 7

what is transformation

Answer 7

process by which a cell takes in dna from a cell

Question 8

what are genetic markers

Answer 8

genes that make it easy to distinguish bacteria

Question 9

what is used to find genetic markers

Answer 9

antibiotic resistance genes

Question 10

how can you cut dna

Answer 10

using restriction enzymes

Question 11

distinguish between a blunt and sticky end

Answer 11

blunt end cant reconnect and are produced by all and haelll

sticky ends can reconnect and are formed by bamhl, hlndlll, and ecorl

Question 12

describe the 6 steps of insulin production

Answer 12

1- gene in human genome is located & cut w/ RE
2- a plasmid is removed from bacteria & cut w/ same RE
3- human gene is inserted into plasmid
4- plasmid placed back into bacteria
5- bacteria reproduces
6- bacteria produces insulin

Question 13

what other human hormone can be created in this matter

Answer 13

human growth hormone

Question 14

what is PCR

Answer 14

process used to make copies of dna sample

Question 15

what are the requirements of PCR

Answer 15

thermocycler
primers
DNA polymerase
nucleotides

Question 16

where did Mullis find the DNA polymerase for PCR

Answer 16

hot springs of Yellowstone

Question 17

what is the function of the thermocycler

Answer 17

it provides heat needed to seperate DNA strands

Question 18

what are primers

Answer 18

small sections of DNA that bind @ 2 points of a sample

Question 19

what is gel electrophoresis

Answer 19

process used to seperate DNA fragments

Question 20

describe the process of gel electrophoresis

Answer 20

DNA fragments are placed into walls on a gel plate.

Electric current is applied.

• fragments move to + pole

Question 21

explain how gel electrophoresis can be used to sequence DNA

Answer 21

scientists take unknown DNA sample & allow it to be copied by DNA polymerase, add bases with chemical dyes attached, dye labeled bases terminate replication, result is DNA fragments of various sizes, gel electrophoresis can then seperate fragments by size

Question 22

explain how a DNA fingerprint is made

Answer 22

DNA is cut w/ RE
gel is ran the same way
DNA probes identify specific sequences
resulting pattern of binds can be distinguised as a certain persons

Question 23

list 2 transgenic animals and the possible benefits of them

Answer 23

mice have immune systems like ours. scientists study diseases w/o using human subjects.
pigs grow faster & produce leaner meat

Question 24

list 2 GM foods and the benefits

Answer 24

soybeans and corn | they contain genes to produce natural insecticide & resistance to herbicides

Question 25

what are some pros and cons of transgenic organisms

Answer 25

pros- helpful w/ scientific studies. animals provide leaner meat. plants can be healthier and resistant to pesticides cons- may threaten beneficial insects, overuse of weed killing compounds, small farms going out of business, not required to undergo safety testing

Question 26

describe how dolly the sheep was created

Answer 26

1- nucleus from egg is removed & another is inserted (body cell) 2-egg is placed in surrogate

Question 27

what are some pros and cons of cloning

Answer 27

pro- it can hopefully help save endangered species | con- very controversial

Question 28

what are 2 goals of the human genome project

Answer 28

sequence & map the human genome

Question 29

which goal has been met

Answer 29

sequencing (2000)

Question 30

what is gene therapy

Answer 30

changing genes that cause genetic disorders that involves using vectors to insert the normal gene

Question 31

what is the vector most often used in gene therapy

Answer 31

viruses

Question 32

what disorders has gene therapy had some success with

Answer 32

cystic fibrosis, hemophilia

Question 33

What is DNA Microarray?

Answer 33

Used to study thousands of genes at once. mRNA is removed from both types of cells and copied into single strands of DNA containing fluorescent labels.

Question 34

what is the function of DNA polymerase in human DNA analysis?

Answer 34

Attaches to primers and begins copying DNA