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Biology I Honors > ch 15 > Flashcards

ch 15 Flashcards

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0
Q

distinguish between hybridization and inbreeding

A

hybridization is choosing organisms w/ different traits

inbreeding is choosing organisms w/ similar traits

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1
Q

what is selective breeding

A

when humans choose the traits

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2
Q

why are genetic disorders more likely with inbreeding

A

the more similar the gene, the more likely the parents will carry the allele

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3
Q

what is a gene pool

A

a wide variety of alleles in a population

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4
Q

how can breeders increase genetic diversity

A

they can induce a mutation by using chemicals and radiation

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5
Q

what does cull mean

A

remove or kill

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6
Q

define genetic engineering

A

it involves making changes in dna

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7
Q

what is transformation

A

process by which a cell takes in dna from a cell

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8
Q

what are genetic markers

A

genes that make it easy to distinguish bacteria

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9
Q

what is used to find genetic markers

A

antibiotic resistance genes

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10
Q

how can you cut dna

A

using restriction enzymes

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11
Q

distinguish between a blunt and sticky end

A

blunt end cant reconnect and are produced by all and haelll

sticky ends can reconnect and are formed by bamhl, hlndlll, and ecorl

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12
Q

describe the 6 steps of insulin production

A

1- gene in human genome is located & cut w/ RE
2- a plasmid is removed from bacteria & cut w/ same RE
3- human gene is inserted into plasmid
4- plasmid placed back into bacteria
5- bacteria reproduces
6- bacteria produces insulin

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13
Q

what other human hormone can be created in this matter

A

human growth hormone

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14
Q

what is PCR

A

process used to make copies of dna sample

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15
Q

what are the requirements of PCR

A

thermocycler
primers
DNA polymerase
nucleotides

16
Q

where did Mullis find the DNA polymerase for PCR

A

hot springs of Yellowstone

17
Q

what is the function of the thermocycler

A

it provides heat needed to seperate DNA strands

18
Q

what are primers

A

small sections of DNA that bind @ 2 points of a sample

19
Q

what is gel electrophoresis

A

process used to seperate DNA fragments

20
Q

describe the process of gel electrophoresis

A

DNA fragments are placed into walls on a gel plate.

Electric current is applied.

  • fragments move to + pole
21
Q

explain how gel electrophoresis can be used to sequence DNA

A

scientists take unknown DNA sample & allow it to be copied by DNA polymerase, add bases with chemical dyes attached, dye labeled bases terminate replication, result is DNA fragments of various sizes, gel electrophoresis can then seperate fragments by size

22
Q

explain how a DNA fingerprint is made

A

DNA is cut w/ RE
gel is ran the same way
DNA probes identify specific sequences
resulting pattern of binds can be distinguised as a certain persons

23
Q

list 2 transgenic animals and the possible benefits of them

A

mice have immune systems like ours. scientists study diseases w/o using human subjects.
pigs grow faster & produce leaner meat

24
Q

list 2 GM foods and the benefits

A

soybeans and corn

they contain genes to produce natural insecticide & resistance to herbicides

25
Q

what are some pros and cons of transgenic organisms

A

pros- helpful w/ scientific studies. animals provide leaner meat. plants can be healthier and resistant to pesticides

cons- may threaten beneficial insects, overuse of weed killing compounds, small farms going out of business, not required to undergo safety testing

26
Q

describe how dolly the sheep was created

A

1- nucleus from egg is removed & another is inserted (body cell)
2-egg is placed in surrogate

27
Q

what are some pros and cons of cloning

A

pro- it can hopefully help save endangered species

con- very controversial

28
Q

what are 2 goals of the human genome project

A

sequence & map the human genome

29
Q

which goal has been met

A

sequencing (2000)

30
Q

what is gene therapy

A

changing genes that cause genetic disorders that involves using vectors to insert the normal gene

31
Q

what is the vector most often used in gene therapy

A

viruses

32
Q

what disorders has gene therapy had some success with

A

cystic fibrosis, hemophilia

33
Q

What is DNA Microarray?

A

Used to study thousands of genes at once. mRNA is removed from both types of cells and copied into single strands of DNA containing fluorescent labels.

34
Q

what is the function of DNA polymerase in human DNA analysis?

A

Attaches to primers and begins copying DNA

Biology I Honors (15 decks)

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