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Biology I Honors > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction.

A

Asexual Reproduction: produces genetically identical offspring from a single parent

Sexual Reproduction: produces genetically diverse offspring from two parent

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2
Q

What is a somatic cell?

A

Somatic Cell: a diploid (2N) because they have both sets of chromosomes and DNA

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3
Q

What is a homologous pair?

A

Homologous Pair: chromosomes that are the same size, shape, and contain genes for the same traits.

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4
Q

Distinguish between diploid and haploid cells.

A

Diploid Cells: a cell that contains two sets of chromosomes (2N)

Haploid Cells: a cell that contain one set of chromosomes (N)

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5
Q

Describe what happens in the Interphase stage.

A
  • G1 Phase
    a. period of growth
    b. does its “job”
  • S Phase
    a. copies all its DNA
  • G2 Phase
    a. copies organelles and gets ready to divide
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6
Q

Describe what happens in the Prophase stage.

A

a. Chromatin coils to form chromosomes
b. Nuclear envelope and nucleolus begin to break down
c. Centrioles move to opposite poles and begin to produce spindle fibers
d. Spindle fibers attach to centromere of each chromosome

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7
Q

Describe what happens in the Metaphase stage.

A

a. Spindle fibers move chromosomes to line up in the center (equator) of the cell.

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8
Q

Describe what happens in the Anaphase stage.

A

a. Spindle fibers pull the centromeres apart allowing the sister chromatids to separate

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9
Q

Describe what happens in the Telophase stage.

A

a. Nuclear envelope and nucleolus form
b. Chromosomes uncoil into chromatin
c. Spindle fibers break apart

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10
Q

What is an internal regulator and what do they do?

A

Internal regulators are proteins that respond to events inside the cell. Some do not allow mitosis to begin until all the chromosomes have been copied. Some do not let anaphase begin until spindle fibers have attached to each chromosome.

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11
Q

What is an external regulator and what do they do?

A

External regulators are proteins that respond to events outside the cell. The proteins can speed up and slow down the cell cycle. It also is important during the embryonic development and healing.

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12
Q

Define cancer.

A

Cancer: a disorder in which some of the body’s cell looses the ability to control growth

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13
Q

List the 3 categories of cancer and what tissue they effect.

A
  1. Carcinomas: grow in skin and tissues that line the organs of the body
  2. Sarcomas: grow in bone and muscle tissue
  3. Lymphomas: solid tumors that grow in the tissues that form blood cells
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14
Q

Define embryo.

A

Embryo: developmental stage in which cells become more specialized

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15
Q

Define differentiation.

A

Differentiation: process by which cells become specialized.

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16
Q

Distinguish between the different types of stem cells.

A

Totipotent: cells that can develop into any type of body cell, cell of extra embryonic membrane, and placenta

Pluripotent: unspecialized cells from which differentiated cells develop

Multipotent: groups of cells that differentiate to renew and replace old cells

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17
Q

List and compare the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction

A 
Asexual Reproduction:
Advantages -
 • Stable Environments
 • Reproduce faster and easier
Disadvantages -
 • No genetic diversity
 • Viruses spread faster
Sexual reproduction:
Advantages - 
 • Changing environments
 • Genetic Diversity
Disadvantages -
 • Takes longer to reproduce
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18
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Uncoiled DNA and proteins

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19
Q

What is a histone?

A

Proteins that DNA wraps tightly around in eukaryotes.

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20
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have in each of their somatic cells?

A

46 (44 of which are classified as autosomes. 2 are sex cells; Females = XX, Male = XY)

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21
Q

How many chromosomes do sex cells have?

A

23

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22
Q

What are some of the difficulties a cell faces as it increases in size?

A

The larger a cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its DNA. In addition, a larger cell is less efficient in moving nutrients and waste materials across the cell membrane.

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23
Q

What is the product of cell division?

A

Two identical daughter cells.

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24
Q

What is the role of chromosomes in cell division?

A

Chromosomes make it possible to separate DNA precisely during cell division.

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25
Q

List the order of events in interphase.

A

G1, S, G2, Mitosis

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26
Q

Describe the prokaryotic cell cycle.

A

The prokaryotic cell cycle is a regular pattern of growth, DNA replication, and cell division that can take place very rapidly under ideal conditions.

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27
Q

Describe the eukaryotic cell cycle.

A

The eukaryotic cell cycle consists of interphase (G1, S, G2), Mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase) and finally cytokinesis.

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28
Q

How is the cell cycle regulated?

A

The cell cycle is controlled by regulatory proteins both inside and outside the cell.

29
Q

How do cancer cells differ from other cells?

A

Cancer cells do not respond to the signals that regulate the growth of most cells. As a result, the cells divide uncontrollably.

30
Q

What is the monomer of DNA?

A

Nucleotide

31
Q

List the parts of a nucleotide.

A

Deoxyribose, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases.

32
Q

What must happen before the cell can divide DNA.

A

The cell must be packaged.

33
Q

When are chromosomes visible to humans.

A

Only during cell division.

34
Q

Write the fertilization equation.

A

Sperm23 + Egg23 = 46

35
Q

Name the three stages of the cell cycle.

A

Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

36
Q

How can you tell if a cell is still in interphase?

A

The Nucleolus is still in a nucleus and the centrioles are still together.

37
Q

What does the G in G1/G2 stand for? What does the S in S phase stand for?

A

Gap, synthesis

38
Q

What occurs in the G1 phase?

A

Period of growth, does its job by creating proteins.

39
Q

What is the G0 phase?

A

A non-dividing stage.

40
Q

What happens to cells that enter the G0 phase?

A

If they are too damaged or are dysfunctional, they may stay forever. Others can be fixed and reenter the cycle.

41
Q

What occurs in the S phase?

A

DNA is copied so daughter cells can be identical.

42
Q

What happens in the G2 phase?

A

Organelles are copied and the cell gets ready to divide.

43
Q

List the 4 phases of mitosis in order.

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.

44
Q

What do centrioles do?

A

Make spindle fibers.

45
Q

What causes cytokinesis to occur in animal and plant cells?

A

Formation of cleavage furrow for animals. Formation of the cell plate for plants.

46
Q

What occurs in cytokinesis?

A

The cytoplasm is divided.

47
Q

What is the end product of the cell cycle?

A

Two identical daughter cells with an equal number of organelles.

48
Q

What forms the cell plate? What does it become after cytokinesis?

A

Golgi apparatus. Cell wall.

49
Q

What is binary fission? What happens in binary fission?

A

Sexual reproduction used by prokaryotes. The DNA is copied, the cell gets twice as big, and the cell splits in half and makes a clone.

50
Q

When do prokaryotes reproduce.

A

Whenever resources are plentiful.

51
Q

How long is the lifespan of a cell?

A

Different cells have different life spans depending on what they do or their conditions.

52
Q

What was discovered in the 1980’s?

A

The protein cyclin in a dividing cell. It regulates the cell cycle. When cyclin was injected into a non dividing cell, spindle fibers began to form.

53
Q

What can come as a result from extra chromosomes in a cell?

A

Down syndrome

54
Q

What do growth factors do? Why are they important?

A

They speed up the cell cycle. They are important during embryonic development and healing.

55
Q

What do molecules/proteins found on adjacent cells do?

A

Slow down cell cycle to prevent overgrowth when they touch.

56
Q

How do calices form?

A

When cells reproduce to heal a wound and keep becoming injured before the wound is fixed, cells build up and the skin becomes thicker, forming a calice.

57
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death. Cell and chromatin shrink, cell membrane parts break off, and neighboring cells eat the remains.

58
Q

How are tumors formed?

A

Cells can’t regulate the cell cycle and they begin to reproduce indefinitely. Cells build up and form masses called tumors.

59
Q

Name and compare the two types of tumors.

A

Beggin tumors stay within the mass, don’t spread, and are usually harmless. Warts would be an example of benign tumors.

Malignant tumors, however, invade and destroy healthy tissues and body parts surrounding them.

60
Q

What’s metastasis?

A

The spread of cancer from the original site elsewhere.

61
Q

What 2 types of cancer are only dangerous if they spread?

A

Breast and skin.

62
Q

What happens in metastasis?

A

Cancer cells break away from the original mass and travel to other parts of the body.

63
Q

How long does cancer take to develop?

A

Several years unless a vital organ is involved.

64
Q

What mutations cause cancer?

A

Ones of genes that alter the expression of growth factors and the cell cycle rate.

65
Q

How can mutations happen?

A

Spontaneously or because of carcinogens (substances that increase the risk of cancer, most common)

66
Q

How do genetics affect cancer risk?

A

Families are at a higher risk of developing cancer if they have a history of it.

67
Q

How do bacteria/viruses cause cancer?

A

They damage cells and cause cancer. Ex: HPV

68
Q

List 3 ways by which cancer is treated.

A

Surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.

69
Q

What does ABCDE stand for pertaining to melanoma?

A 
A- Asymmetry
B- Border
C- Color
D- Diameter
E- Evolving

Biology I Honors (15 decks)

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