Chapter 2.3 and 2.4 Review Guide Flashcards
What are two reasons Carbon is so special?
- Carbon has four valence electrons allowing it to bond on all four sides
- Carbon can bond to itself allowing it to make long chains
What is organic chemistry?
Organic chemistry: the study of all components that contain carbon chains
What occurs during Polymerization?
Monomers come together to create polymers
List the four macromolecules and their monomers.
Carbohydrates: monosaccharides
Lipids: fatty acids
Nucleic acids: nucleotide
Proteins: amino acids
Describe the structure of a carbohydrate.
Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
They are the main source of energy for living things.
What is the difference between starch and glycogen?
Starch is for plants glycogen is for animals.
Give some examples of simple sugars.
- Glucose (plant sugar)
- Galactose (milk)
- Fructose (fruits)
Give some examples of a disaccharide.
- Most of this sweet things are disaccharides:
1. Table sugar=sucrose=glucose+ fructose
2. Lactose=milk sugar=glucose+galactose
3. Maltose=malt sugar=glucose+glucose
Give some examples of a polysaccharide.
Starch, glycogen, cellulose
Describe the structure of a lipid.
- Lipids are the main nonpolar component of cells.
- Lipids are not soluble.
- Mostly hydrocarbon.
- Formed when a glycerol molecule combines with fatty acids.
Distinguish between a saturated and unsaturated fat.
- Saturated fat: all carbon are single bonded and it is solid at room temperature
- Unsaturated fats: some carbon is double bonded and it is liquid at room temperature
What is hydrogenation? Give an example.
Hydrogenation: reducing the double bonds back to single bonds and adding in hydrogens, which raises the melting temperature
Ex.1: margarine
List four examples of lipids and their functions.
- Fats: stores energy for later use
- Phospholipids: the main components of cell membranes
- Steroids: creates cholesterol which is an essential part of cell membranes
- Waxes: creates a waterproof coating on plants and animals
What is hypertriglyceridemia?
Hypertriglyceridemia: excess triglycerides and plasma
Why’s fat a more efficient storage material over carbohydrates?
Fats store about twice as much energy per weigh as carbohydrates like starch.
Describe the structure of a phospholipid.
They have a glycerol with two fatty acids attached, plus the phosphate-containing “head group”.
What is antherosclerosis?
Antherosclerosis: too much cholesterol in the blood that causes “plaques” to form in the blood vessels (hardening of the arteries in the heart)
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
- 5-carbon sugar
- Phosphate group
- Nitrogenous base
What is the function of nucleic acid?
They store and transmit heredity or genetic information
Distinguish between DNA and RNA.
DNA
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid
- 5-carbon sugar is deoxyribose
- Phosphate group
- Nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
- Double stranded
RNA
- Ribonucleic acid
- 5-carbon sugar is ribose
- Phosphate group
- Nitrogenous bases: adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine
- Single stranded
What are the components of an amino acid?
- There 20 different kinds of amino acids
- Carbon bonds to hydrogen, carboxyl, an R-group (variant), and an amino group
- The R-groups can be acidic, polar, or non-polar
What bond is found in proteins?
Peptide bonds
What are the four functions of proteins?
- Structure
- Enzymes
- Transportation
- Fight diseases
Describe the four levels of organization found in proteins.
- Primary: sequence of amino acids (amino acid, peptide bond, amino acid, peptide bond, ect.)
- Secondary: amino acids within the chain can be folded or twisted
- Tertiary: The chain itself is folded in on itself
- Quartenary: it contains more than one chain and each chain has a specific arrangement.
(Van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds help maintain shape along with polar and nonpolar forces)
What 3 Steps take place in a chemical reaction?
- Old bonds are broken
- Atoms are rearranged
- New bonds are formed
Distinguish between Endergonic and Exergonic chemical reactions.
Endergonic: Chemical reactions in which heat energy is absorbed
Exergonic: Chemical reactions in which energy is lost in the form of heat
Describe the chemical reaction that builds polymers
Dehydration reaction: process by which a water molecule is removed and 2 or more monomers combine to form a polymers and energy is absorbed
Describe the chemical reaction that breaks down polymers.
Hydrolysis reaction: reactions in which a water molecule is added so that polymers are broken apart into monomers and heat is released
What is activation energy?
Activation energy: amount of energy needed to get a chemical reaction started
What is a catalyst?
Catalysts are the substances that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the amount of activation energy needed.
How do you enzymes act as catalysts?
Enzymes provide a place for the reactants to come together and react
What is denaturation?
Denaturation: when enzymes lose their shape
What can lead denaturation?
The temperature rising
