Chapter 2.3 and 2.4 Review Guide

Question 0

What are two reasons Carbon is so special?

Answer 0

1. Carbon has four valence electrons allowing it to bond on all four sides
2. Carbon can bond to itself allowing it to make long chains

Question 1

What is organic chemistry?

Answer 1

Organic chemistry: the study of all components that contain carbon chains

Question 2

What occurs during Polymerization?

Answer 2

Monomers come together to create polymers

Question 3

List the four macromolecules and their monomers.

Answer 3

Carbohydrates: monosaccharides
Lipids: fatty acids
Nucleic acids: nucleotide
Proteins: amino acids

Question 4

Describe the structure of a carbohydrate.

Answer 4

Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.

Question 5

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Answer 5

They are the main source of energy for living things.

Question 6

What is the difference between starch and glycogen?

Answer 6

Starch is for plants glycogen is for animals.

Question 7

Give some examples of simple sugars.

Answer 7

1. Glucose (plant sugar)
2. Galactose (milk)
3. Fructose (fruits)

Question 8

Give some examples of a disaccharide.

Answer 8

• Most of this sweet things are disaccharides:
  1. Table sugar=sucrose=glucose+ fructose
  2. Lactose=milk sugar=glucose+galactose
  3. Maltose=malt sugar=glucose+glucose

Question 9

Give some examples of a polysaccharide.

Answer 9

Starch, glycogen, cellulose

Question 10

Describe the structure of a lipid.

Answer 10

• Lipids are the main nonpolar component of cells.
• Lipids are not soluble.
• Mostly hydrocarbon.
• Formed when a glycerol molecule combines with fatty acids.

Question 11

Distinguish between a saturated and unsaturated fat.

Answer 11

• Saturated fat: all carbon are single bonded and it is solid at room temperature
• Unsaturated fats: some carbon is double bonded and it is liquid at room temperature

Question 12

What is hydrogenation? Give an example.

Answer 12

Hydrogenation: reducing the double bonds back to single bonds and adding in hydrogens, which raises the melting temperature
Ex.1: margarine

Question 13

List four examples of lipids and their functions.

Answer 13

• Fats: stores energy for later use
• Phospholipids: the main components of cell membranes
• Steroids: creates cholesterol which is an essential part of cell membranes
• Waxes: creates a waterproof coating on plants and animals

Question 14

What is hypertriglyceridemia?

Answer 14

Hypertriglyceridemia: excess triglycerides and plasma

Question 15

Why’s fat a more efficient storage material over carbohydrates?

Answer 15

Fats store about twice as much energy per weigh as carbohydrates like starch.

Question 16

Describe the structure of a phospholipid.

Answer 16

They have a glycerol with two fatty acids attached, plus the phosphate-containing “head group”.

Question 17

What is antherosclerosis?

Answer 17

Antherosclerosis: too much cholesterol in the blood that causes “plaques” to form in the blood vessels (hardening of the arteries in the heart)

Question 18

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

Answer 18

1. 5-carbon sugar
2. Phosphate group
3. Nitrogenous base

Question 19

What is the function of nucleic acid?

Answer 19

They store and transmit heredity or genetic information

Question 20

Distinguish between DNA and RNA.

Answer 20

DNA

• Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• 5-carbon sugar is deoxyribose
• Phosphate group
• Nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
• Double stranded

RNA

• Ribonucleic acid
• 5-carbon sugar is ribose
• Phosphate group
• Nitrogenous bases: adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine
• Single stranded

Question 21

What are the components of an amino acid?

Answer 21

• There 20 different kinds of amino acids
• Carbon bonds to hydrogen, carboxyl, an R-group (variant), and an amino group
• The R-groups can be acidic, polar, or non-polar

Question 22

What bond is found in proteins?

Answer 22

Peptide bonds

Question 23

What are the four functions of proteins?

Answer 23

1. Structure
2. Enzymes
3. Transportation
4. Fight diseases

Question 24

Describe the four levels of organization found in proteins.

Answer 24

1. Primary: sequence of amino acids (amino acid, peptide bond, amino acid, peptide bond, ect.)
2. Secondary: amino acids within the chain can be folded or twisted
3. Tertiary: The chain itself is folded in on itself
4. Quartenary: it contains more than one chain and each chain has a specific arrangement.
   (Van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds help maintain shape along with polar and nonpolar forces)

Question 25

What 3 Steps take place in a chemical reaction?

Answer 25

1. Old bonds are broken
2. Atoms are rearranged
3. New bonds are formed

Question 26

Distinguish between Endergonic and Exergonic chemical reactions.

Answer 26

Endergonic: Chemical reactions in which heat energy is absorbed
Exergonic: Chemical reactions in which energy is lost in the form of heat

Question 27

Describe the chemical reaction that builds polymers

Answer 27

Dehydration reaction: process by which a water molecule is removed and 2 or more monomers combine to form a polymers and energy is absorbed

Question 28

Describe the chemical reaction that breaks down polymers.

Answer 28

Hydrolysis reaction: reactions in which a water molecule is added so that polymers are broken apart into monomers and heat is released

Question 29

What is activation energy?

Answer 29

Activation energy: amount of energy needed to get a chemical reaction started

Question 30

What is a catalyst?

Answer 30

Catalysts are the substances that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the amount of activation energy needed.

Question 31

How do you enzymes act as catalysts?

Answer 31

Enzymes provide a place for the reactants to come together and react

Question 32

What is denaturation?

Answer 32

Denaturation: when enzymes lose their shape

Question 33

What can lead denaturation?

Answer 33

The temperature rising