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Biology I Honors > Chapter 11.1-11.3 > Flashcards

Chapter 11.1-11.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

List the parts of a stamen and their functions.

A
  • Anther: makes pollen

- Filament: supports the anther

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2
Q

Describe the process of double fertilization.

A
  • 1st: pollen grains start germinating in response to a sugary substance on stigma
  • A pollen tube grows down the style which allows the male gametes (pollen) to fuse with the female (ovule)
  • 2nd: a second pollen nucleus fuses with 2 egg nuclei to form a triploid endosperm
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3
Q

Distinguish between pollination and fertilization.

A
  • Pollination: process by which the pollen is transferred from male parts to female parts via wind, insects, birds, butterflies, bats, etc.
  • Pollen sticks to sticky stigma
  • Fertilization: process by which the sperm and egg unite to form a diploid zygote
  • Pollination doesn’t guarantee fertilization
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4
Q

Why did Mendel work with pea plants?

A

Worked with pea plants because they mature quickly, produce lots of offspring, and have seven easily recognizable traits (form of seed, cotyledons of seed, color of flower, form of pod, color of pod, place of stem, size of stem)

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5
Q

What is the function of the stigma?

A

The stigma traps pollen.

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6
Q

Describe Mendel’s experiment.

A
  • Mendel chose a true-breeding, short and true-breeding, tall plant to begin his experiment
    a. P1 Generation
  • He then cross-pollinated the two plants
  • The resulting seeds were planting
    a. F1 generation (hybrids)
  • Mendel then allowed the F1 plants to self-pollinate
  • Resulting seeds were planted (F2 Generation)
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7
Q

Distinguish between a gene and an allele.

A
  • Genes are “factors” that are passed from parent to offspring.
  • Alleles are traits that had contrasting forms.
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8
Q

Distinguish between true breeding and a hybrid.

A
  • True breeding is when the parents share the same gene to make a homozygous offspring. A hybrid is made when the parents do not share the same gene, making a heterozygous offspring.
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9
Q

Describe Mendel’s Principle of Dominance.

A
  • Mendel concluded that because the short gene did not disappear that some alleles are dominant over others (Principle of Dominance)
  • Principle of Dominance: Dominant traits are those that are expressed
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10
Q

Describe Mendel’s idea of segregation.

A
  • Mendel hypothesized that each plant has 2 alleles for each trait
  • During the formation of gametes, these alleles segregate so that each resulting gamete only receives one copy from each parent to be contributed
  • Fertilization allows one copy from each parent to be contributed
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11
Q

Distinguish between genotype and phenotype and give an example.

A
  • Genotype: genetic makeup (letter structure) Ex: Gg heterozygous 1 grey and 1 white gene
  • Phenotype: physical characteristics (trait description) Ex: Grey fur
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12
Q

How are punnett squares used in genetics?

A
  • Used to predict and compare the genotypes and phenotypes of possible offspring
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13
Q

What is a monohybrid cross?

A

A crossing that predicts only one trait.

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14
Q

What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous?

A
  • Homozygous: two identical alleles for same trait

- Heterozygous: two different alleles for same trait

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15
Q

What is the genotype for an individual that shows the recessive form of a trait?

A

Two lower case letters.

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16
Q

What is a dihybrid cross?

A

A crossing using a punnett square that predicts two traits.

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17
Q

Explain Mendel’s Principle of Independent Assortment.

A

Principle of Independent Assortment: States that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes.

18
Q

Describe Mendel’s experiment that supports independent assortment.

A
  • Mendel wondered if the alleles for different genes were invented together or independently
  • He performed an experiment in which he followed two different traits
    a. Ex: seed shape & seed color
  • He crossed a true breeding round yellow seed plant (RRYY) with a wrinkled green seed plant (rryy)
    • P1 generation
  • F1 = planted seeds
    • Results: all offspring had round, yellow seeds
    • hybrids
  • Next, allowed the F1 plants to self-pollinate
  • Planted seeds = F2
19
Q

What structure forms the fruit?

A

Ovary

20
Q

What are the parts of the pistil?

A

Stigma, Style, Ovary from top to bottom.

21
Q

Distinguish between complete and incomplete dominance.

A

Complete Dominance: traits where one of the alleles was totally dominant over the other one.

  • Incomplete dominance occurs when one allele is not completely dominant over the other
  • Results in an intermediate form of the phenotype
22
Q

Traits controlled by more than one gene are called what?

A

Polygenic traits.

23
Q

Give two examples of how environment can influence expression of genes.

A

Temperature can cause animals to shed/grow fur. Climate can also cause fur color to change for certain animals to camouflage themselves more easily.

24
Q

Why is a checkered chicken not an example of complete dominance?

A

Because both traits are expressed.

25
Q

List the parts of the brain in order of largest to smallest.

A

Frontal lobe (motor area), Temporal lobe, Parietal lobe (sensory area), Cerebellum, Occipital Lobe, Mid-brain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata.

26
Q

What is probability?

A

Probability is the likelihood that a particular event will take place

27
Q

What is inheritance?

A

Heredity and genetics.

28
Q

What is heredity?

A

Passing of traits from parents to offspring.

29
Q

What is genetics?

A

The study of heredity.

30
Q

What is the receptacle? What is its function?

A

The stem of a flower. Holds flower and whorls in place.

31
Q

What is the function of the sepals?

A

To protect the developing flower. Outermost whorl.

32
Q

What is the purpose of the petals?

A

Modified leaves that attract pollinators with bright colors and aromas.

33
Q

What is the purpose of the stigma?

A

Traps pollen

34
Q

What is the purpose of the style?

A

Connects stigma and ovaries to make the pistil/carpel

35
Q

What is the purpose of the ovary?

A

Makes eggs and fruit.

36
Q

What is the stamen?

A

Male reproductive part

37
Q

What is the pistil/carpel?

A

Female reproductive part

38
Q

What is the purpose of pollinators?

A

Increase genetic diversity

39
Q

Distinguish between perfect and imperfect flowers.

A

Perfect have all the parts, imperfect doesn’t.

40
Q

Distinguish between ray and disk flowers.

A

Ray and disk flowers are the two kinds of composite flowers. The flower’s broad central area is composed of hundreds of disk flowers, while the petals are ray flowers.

41
Q

What are bracts?

A

Modified leaves on composite flowers.

42
Q

What is the micropyle?

A

The opening in the ovary.

Biology I Honors (15 decks)

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