Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology I Honors > 2nd semester exam review > Flashcards

2nd semester exam review Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

what happens during crossing over

A

homologous chromosomes exchange segments of DNA during prophase 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

what’s the difference between haploid and diploid?

A

haploid has 1 set of chromosomes

diploid has both sets of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

during what phase of meiosis do tetrads form

A

prophase 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the end product of meiosis

A

4 haploid cells (gametes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is a tetrad

A

4 sister chromatids formed by chromosomes lining up in synapsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the law of independent assortment

A

it states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during formation of gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is polygenic inheritance

A

inheriting a trait that is controlled by more than one gene (skin color)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what factor influences the change in color in the arctic fox

A

environmental factors (temperature, terrain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

which generation did Mendel allow to self pollinate

A

F1 generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what type of trait is blood type

A

multiple alleles (controlled by 2 alleles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what was Roland franklins contribution to the discovery of DNA

A

she worked independently with X-ray diffraction which helped contribute to Watson and crick’s discovery of DNA being a double helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a codon

A

in mRNA it codes for a specific amino acid

consists of 3 nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is DNA replication

A

replication of DNA where the strand separate and appropriate base pairs are plugged in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does the mRNA copy

A

the recipe from DNA so proteins can be made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

who figured out the shape of DNA

A

James Watson and Frances crick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis

A

it transfers amino acids to the ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the function of telomerase

A

in rapidly dividing cells it helps to prevent damaged or lost genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what happens during translation

A

tRNA translates the genetic code by delivering amino acids to the ribosome

anti codons pair with codons

codons come along to form long chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

where does translation and transcription take place in eukaryotes

A

translation- ribosome

transcription- nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what was chargaffs contribution to the study of DNA

A

he discovered that the % of guanine and cytosine were almost equal in any DNA sample (adenine and thymine also) which led to the principle of base pairing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is a promoter

A

regions of DNA with specific base sequences

where RNA polymerase binds to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is a bacteriophage

A

a kind of virus that infects bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

can codons code for the same amino acid

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what kind of cells are used to make dolly

A

cloned cells (nucleus is removed & another is inserted into egg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does a karyotype show

A

it is a microphotograph of the chromosomes during cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

ow does a person inherit PKU

A

if they inherit the autosomal recessive allele found on chromosome 12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

can an offspring survive without at least 1 X chromosome

A

no, it contains over 1000 genes which many are essential for life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is PCR

A

polymerase chain reaction

process used to make copies of a DNA sample

requires primer, thermocycler, DNA polymerase, nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is recombinant DNA

A

DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is a disadvantage of inbreeding

A

there’s a reduction in the genes pool and organisms are more susceptible to diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

why is colorblind ness. more common in males

A

the genes for color visions are located on the X chromosome, but males are XY

it is recessive and affects 2 females 1 male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is the role of primers in PCR

A

they are small sections of DNA that bund at 2 points of the sample, showing where polymerase starts and stops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the function of restriction enzymes

A

they cut DNA into fragments

create different enzymes

help cut up viral DNA so it’s easier to work with

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

how do some drugs result in polyploidy plants

A

they prevent chromosome separation during meiosis which produce polyploid plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

is achondroplasia dominant or recessive

A

dominant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is hybridization

A

a breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is behavioral isolation

A

reproductive isolation when 2 populations develop differences that prevent them from breeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what type of population will be affected more by genetic drift

A

small population because allele frequency is affected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what does similarities in embryonic development support

A

evolution because they have similar developmental features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what are analogous structures

A

they aren’t made of the same tissue, but have the same function (doesn’t support common ancestry)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

if the allele frequencies in a population change what is occurring

A

genetic drift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is divergent evolution

A

when similar objects or species become different overtime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what are the conditions for maintaining genetic equilibrium

A

there must be random mating

large population

no migration

no natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what is survival of the fittest

A

The organisms that are able to survive and have offspring are more likely to live

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what adaptation did Darwins finches show

A

they had different beak shapes depending on the diet and adapted to the different food types in their different environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what is a vestigial organ

A

they were used to do something but don’t anymore (appendix)

46
Q

what is stabilizing selection

A

A form of natural selection where individuals at the center of distribution have a higher level of fitness than individuals at the edge of distribution curve

47
Q

what do hox genes control

A

they determine which parts of the body develop and size (arms and legs)

48
Q

what is geographic isolation

A

occurs when organisms can’t come in contact with each other

two different environments can choose two different traits

49
Q

what is directional selection

A

when the environment chooses one extreme form over another (bird beaks)

50
Q

what is the founder effect

A

change in allele frequencies as a result of a small subgroup migration from a population

51
Q

what is temporal isolation

A

when organisms reproduce at different times

52
Q

what is co-evolution

A

when one organism evolves in response to another

53
Q

what does cladistic analysis show about organisms

A

how they are related based on shared and derived characteristics (hair)

54
Q

Who developed the first classification system

A

carolus Linnaeus

55
Q

what is systematics

A

The study of the diversity of life and organism evolutionary relationships

56
Q

why are common names confusing

A

they vary from language, country, and region

Scientific names can be more specifically identified worldwide

57
Q

what is binomial nomenclature

A

The standardized naming which is genus species, Latin or Greek, italicized, capital Genus only

58
Q

what to taxa make up the scientific name

A

genus species

59
Q

how are bacteria and archaea different

A

bacteria has no nucleus, cell walls contain peptidoglycan, they are autotrophs and heterotrophs, are aerobic and anaerobic, and contain eubacteria members

Archaea contain peptidoglycan, are found in oxygen lacking environments, and contain Archaea bacteria members

60
Q

where do archaea

A

some of the most harsh environments lacking oxygen

61
Q

which kingdoms contain eukaryotes

A

domain eukarya

62
Q

Lissa levels of organization from broadest to most specific

A

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

63
Q

what was Oparin’s hypothesis

A

he hypothesized that gases went under chemical reactions in oceans, then lightning struck to create life

64
Q

what does bipedal mean

A

being able to walk on 2 feet

65
Q

why were there no oceans on primitive Earth

A

Earth formed as a molten mass with a temperature too high for water

66
Q

what is half-life

A

The amount of time it takes for half of a radioactive sample to decay

67
Q

did DNA or RNA come first

A

RNA because it is simpler
can help replicate DNA
it is a catalyst
it can replicate itself

68
Q

our proteinoids similar to cells

A

they have selectively permeable membranes which water can pass through

budding

binary fission

osmotic swelling and shrinking

69
Q

what kind of information can be gathered from fossils

A 
The organism structure
diet
predators
environment 
(life has changed)
70
Q

why is homo habilis called the handy man

A

they were the first to use tools

71
Q

what kind of rock are most fossils formed in

A

sedimentary rock because the sediment is transferred by water

72
Q

what happened during the Cambrian explosion

A

organisms developed hard parts and they were inverts such as jellyfish, worms, brachiopods, sponges, trilobites

73
Q

what are the benefits of binocular vision

A

it helps you to determine the distance between objects, and provides 3-D vision to estimate distance and depth

74
Q

Who is considered the caveman

A

homo neanderthalensis

75
Q

what is a prehensile tail

A

a long tail that can coil tightly around branches and objects

76
Q

during what period were dinosaurs dominant

A

The Jurassic period

77
Q

what is an index fossil

A

fossils found in the same layer but in many different locations that are used to compare fossil ages

78
Q

what were the first life forms on primitive Earth

A

bacteria that were prokaryotic heterotrophs

79
Q

what are the divisions of the geological time scale from largest to smallest

A 
eon
era
period
epoch
age
80
Q

what are the characteristics of primates

A

Long fingers and toes with nails

arms can rotate around shoulder joints

strong clavicle to stabilize shoulder

binocular vision

well developed cerebrum

81
Q

why are there so few fossils of the earliest animals

A

they were destroyed by sediment from being too soft because the hard parts weren’t developed

82
Q

where are old world monkeys found

A

Africa and Asia

83
Q

what is biomass

A

The total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level

84
Q

how are herbivores and carnivore similar

A

they are both consumers getting energy from other organisms

85
Q

what is an omnivore

A

an organism that eats plants and meat

86
Q

how are chemosynthesis and photosynthesis similar

A

they both involve changing energy rich compounds into simpler molecules and controlled by enzyme action

87
Q

lists the levels of environmental complexity from largest to smallest

A

biosphere, biome, ecosystem, community, population, species, individual

88
Q

why is only 10% of energy transferred from one trophic level to the next

A

most is expelled as heat but the first organism uses some energy

89
Q

what are biotic and abiotic factors

A

biotic- factors of an environment that are living

abiotic- factors of an environment that are nonliving

90
Q

what is a niche

A

full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions

91
Q

what is at the base of all ecological pyramids

A

producers

92
Q

what is another name for consumer

A

Heterotroph

93
Q

what is herbivore

A

interaction in which an herbivore feeds on a producer

94
Q

what causes wind

A

differences in atmospheric pressure which is largely created by the unequal heating of earths surface

95
Q

why can two organisms not have the same niche

A

The resulting competition for resources will result in one species being driven out or sent extinct

96
Q

what is the difference between primary and secondary sucession

A

primary occurs in areas where life was previously not supported

secondary occurs where life is previously existed such as after a natural disaster

97
Q

what is a predator

A

an animal that naturally preys on others

98
Q

what is the difference between weather and climate

A

weather is the day-to-day conditions of earths atmosphere

climate is the average atmospheric conditions over long periods

99
Q

what is mutualism

A

when both organisms benefit (plus plus relationship)

100
Q

what is parasitism

A

a plus minus relationship where the host doesn’t die and one benefits while one is harmed

101
Q

what is ecology

A

The study of interactions among organisms with each other and their environment

102
Q

what is a tropic level

A

each level on a food chain

103
Q

what is the difference between the food chain and a food web

A

The food chain shows the transfer of energy from one organism to the next

A food web shows the interaction of energy in an ecosystem

104
Q

what are the three ecological pyramids

A

Energy- shows the amount of energy available at each trophic level decreases

biomass- shows the amount of living tissue decreases as you move up the pyramid

pyramid of numbers- The number of individuals decreases as you move up the pyramid

105
Q

what factors affect climate

A

solar energy and greenhouse effect (sunlight is absorbed or reflected)

latitude (tropical, temperate, polar)

heat transport (unequal heat distribution)

106
Q

what type of inheritance pattern does sickle cell anemia show

A

it is autosomal recessive passed from parent to offspring. in some cases it is not completely masked by dominant alleles

107
Q

what type of trait does cladistic used to create cladograms

A

derived character (trait shared by related spps and ancestors)

108
Q

how does carbon cycle through the environment

A

plants take in CO2 from the atmosphere to use in photosynthesis. Plants and animals break apart sugars and respire to return CO2 to the atmosphere

109
Q

define the terms used to describe biomass

A

tropic level- each step in a food chain or web

110
Q

what is condensation

A

water that collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid aid comes in contact with it

111
Q

why do we need phosphorus

A

it strengthens bones and muscles and helps absorb vitamin B

it is used to make energy being the p in ATP and ADP

112
Q

what is the role of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle

A

converts nitrogen into ammonia then into nitrates so producers can make proteins

113
Q

what is the greenhouse effect

A

process in which certain gases (carbon dioxide,methane, and water vapor) trap sunlight energy in the atmosphere as heat

Biology I Honors (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions