Semester 2: L19 - Kidneys and Urinary System 1 (slid 28+)

Question 1

where are the kidneys located?

Answer 1

lie retro-peritoneally in the back abdominal wall

Question 2

where does the uterus do?

Answer 2

conducts urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Question 3

what is the bladder?

Answer 3

expandable organ that stores urine until it is expelled from the body

Question 4

what does the urethra do?

Answer 4

excrete urine from bladder to outside of body (micturition)

Question 5

what is excretion?

Answer 5

removal of metabolic waste products from body fluids

Question 6

what is elimination?

Answer 6

discharge of waste products out of the body

Question 7

what is Homeostatic regulation?

Answer 7

regulation of the volume and solute concentration of blood

Question 8

for Homeostatic regulation what needs to be controlled?

Answer 8

• Regulation of blood volume and pressure
• Regulation of plasma concentration of sodium, potassium, chloride and other ions
• Stabilising blood pH
• Conserving valuable nutrients

Question 9

what is the renal capsule and where is it located?

Answer 9

connective tissue that surrounds the kidney

Question 10

Na etch three regions of the kidney?

Answer 10

Renal cortex, Renal medulla , Renal pelvis

Question 11

what is the renal cortex?

Answer 11

an outer granulated layer

Question 12

what is the structure of the renal medulla?

Answer 12

divided in cone-shaped tissue masses called renal pyramids

Question 13

what does the Renal pelvis contain?

Answer 13

contains the major renal blood vessels

Question 14

what originates from the renal pelvis?

Answer 14

the ureter

Question 15

what does the nephron do?

Answer 15

Filters blood and produces urine

Question 16

what are the two types of nephrons?

Answer 16

Cortical nephrons

Juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 17

what are the two parts of a nephron?

Answer 17

Renal Corpuscle

Tubules

Question 18

cortisol nephrons have a short what?

Answer 18

A short loop of Henle

Question 19

in Juxtamedullary nephrons

what odes the loop of Henle do?

Answer 19

Long loop of Henle extends into medulla

Question 20

what is the Juxtamedullary responsible for?

Answer 20

Responsible for the medullary osmotic gradient

Question 21

what do nephrons produce?

Answer 21

urine

Question 22

what does the renal corpuscle involve?

Answer 22

glomerulus and the Bowman’s capsule

Question 23

what happens at the renal corpuscle?

Answer 23

• blood flows via afferent arterioles into clusters of capillaries (glomerulus),
• 20% leaks into bowman space
• the rest exit via efferent arterioles

Question 24

whats the Glomerulus?

Answer 24

Tangled capillary network

Question 25

wha are the two layers of the Bowman’s capsule?

Answer 25

``` Parietal layer (outer) Visceral layer (inner) ```

Question 26

what shape is the Bowman’s capsule?

Answer 26

Invaginated sphere

Question 27

what does the renal corpuscle do?

Answer 27

its a filtration unit

Question 28

what does the Glomerular filtration barrier contain?

Answer 28

- Fenestrated endothelium - Glomerular Basement Membrane - Visceral epithelial cells (podocytes)

Question 29

what do Fenestrated endothelium form?

Answer 29

fenestrae (pores) of 70-100nm

Question 30

what are Glomerular Basement Membrane ?

Answer 30

mesh of extracellular proteins

Question 31

what do Visceral epithelial cells form?

Answer 31

the filtration slit diaphragm

Question 32

Proximal tubule consists of?

Answer 32

Proximal convoluted tubule | Proximal straight tubule

Question 33

the loop of hence ha a ______ limb a ____ ascending limb and a ______ ascending limb.

Answer 33

Descending Thin Thick

Question 34

what does the Proximal convoluted tubule | have?

Answer 34

- Cuboidal epithelial cells - Covered with microvilli - Brush border that allow reabsorption of filtrate components 70% of water and sodium, 100% glucose - Rich in mitochondria - Tight junctions allow paracellular transport

Question 35

what Iines Both thin ascending and descending loop of Henle ?

Answer 35

simple squamous epithelium

Question 36

what lines The thick ascending limb ?

Answer 36

cuboidal epithelium

Question 37

what does Distal Convoluted Tubule have?

Answer 37

Simple cuboidal epithelium No brush border High proportion of mitochondria (fewer than PCT) Tight junctions

Question 38

what happens to collecting ducts as they descend through the medulla?

Answer 38

Collecting ducts merge and become larger as they descend through the medulla

Question 39

the collecting duct contains?

Answer 39

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 40

what does the juxtaglomerular apparatus do?

Answer 40

Regulates blood pressure and the filtration rate of the glomerulus

Question 41

whats the Macula densa?

Answer 41

Densely packed group of modified epithelial cells in the DCT

Question 42

what do Macula densa do?

Answer 42

Detect sodium concentration

Question 43

what happens when theres an increase of sodium in the macula dense?

Answer 43

contraction of the afferent arteriole, reducing flow of blood to the glomerulus and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

Question 44

Juxtaglomerular cells | are also known as?

Answer 44

granular cells

Question 45

Juxtaglomerular cells derive from where?

Answer 45

Derived from the smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole

Question 46

what happens when blood pressure decreases in the arterioles?

Answer 46

JG cells secrete renin causing blood pressure to increase via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Question 47

How much of the total cardiac output do kidneys recieve?

Answer 47

20-25%

Question 48

how does the kidney receive blood?

Answer 48

through a renal artery

Question 49

How do Renal arteries enter the kidney?

Answer 49

Renal arteries enter kidney at hilus direct from aorta

Question 50

Renal ____ also exit at ____ and connect the kidney with the ____ ___ ____.

Answer 50

veins hilus inferior vena cava

Question 51

Renal ____ branches into five ____ ______ which branch into smaller _____ arteries.

Answer 51

artery segmental arteries interlobar

Question 52

interlobar arteries supply blood to the what in the kidney?

Answer 52

arcuate arteries

Question 53

where are arcuate arteries found?

Answer 53

arch in the border between the medulla and the cortex

Question 54

arcuate arteries branch into what?

Answer 54

interlobular arteries.

Question 55

From each interlobular artery branch numerous ______ arterioles.

Answer 55

afferent

Question 56

The afferent arteriole divides into the ____ _______, which will reunite to form the ___ ____

Answer 56

glomerular capillarie | efferent arteriole.

Question 57

The efferent arterioles will lead to the ____ capillaries around the renal tubules and to the vasa recta (straight vessels) around the loop of Henle.

Answer 57

peritubular

Question 58

How does blood supply to the kidney go?

Answer 58

``` renal artery segmental arteries interloper arteries affterent arteries glomerular capillaries efferent arterioles particular capilaries interlobular veins arcuate veins interlobal veins renal veins ```

Question 59

what are the three processes which form urine?

Answer 59

1. Glomerular Filtration 2. Tubular Reabsorption 3. Tubular Secretion