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1st Year: Physiology and Anatomy > semester 2: L17 The immune system 1 > Flashcards

semester 2: L17 The immune system 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the immune system?

A

Body’s defence system of cells and proteins that are able to identify invading organisms and then inactivate and eliminate them.

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2
Q

when is an innate immune response initiated?

A

initiated immediately on infection

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3
Q

what is a innate immune response?

A

non-specific defence against a wide range of pathogens

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4
Q

what is a Adaptive immune response ?

A

a response to a specific antigen and generates immunological memory

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5
Q

what does Adaptive immune response allow ?

A

Allows for a rapid response if the same infection hits with the same pathogen

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6
Q

Name five types of pathogens?

A 
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protozoa
Helminth parasites
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7
Q

How are cells of the immune system being generated?

A

through hematopoiesis

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8
Q

where does hematopoiesis take place?

A

bone marrow

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9
Q

what does a Hematopoietic stem cell give rise too?

A

two progenitor cells

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10
Q

what 2 progenitor cells do Hematopoietic stem cell give rise to?

A

A. Common myeloid progenitor

B. Common lymphoid progenitor

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11
Q

Common myeloid progenitor, allows us to produce what?

A
  • Megakaryocyte / erythrocyte progenitor

- Granulocyte and macrophage progenitor

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12
Q

Megakaryocytes produce?

A

platelets

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13
Q

erythrocyte progenitor produces?

A

erythrocytes

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14
Q

macrophage progenitor produce?

A

a dendritic cell

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15
Q

Granulocyte produce ?

A

a mast cell

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16
Q

Common lymphoid progenitor, leads to the production of what?

A

B cells and T cell pre cursor

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17
Q

Common lymphoid progenitor, produce B cells which produce?

A

plasma cells

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18
Q

Common lymphoid progenitor, produce T cell pre cursors, which produce?

A

Thymocytes (T-cell progenitor), which produces effector T cells

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19
Q

what T cells are produced by the effector T cells?

A
  • cytotoxic T cells
  • T helper cells
  • Regulatory T-cells
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20
Q

what white blood cells are involved in the innate immune system?

A

neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, NK cells

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21
Q

what’s involved in the adaptive immune system ?

A

B cell, plasma cell, cytotoxic T cell, regulatory T cell, T helper cell.

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22
Q

what protein are involved int he immune system?

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex , Cytokines, Chemokines, Complement, Cell surface receptors, cytotoxins.

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23
Q

what things are involved in both type of immune responses?

A

macrophage, mast cell and dendritic cell

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24
Q

name 3 Granulocytes

(Polymorphonuclear leukocytes) ?

A

neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

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25
Q

where are macrophages located?

A

in tissues

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26
Q

what are macrophages?

A

large phagocytes

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27
Q

How do macrophages respond to pathogens?

A

respond to pathogens by using different receptor

example: Toll-like receptors

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28
Q

what happens to macrophages when infection is detected?

A

they are activated and secrete cytokines to recruit other cells

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29
Q

what’s another word for white blood cell?

A

leukocytes

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30
Q

what percent of our white blood cells is neutrophils?

A

60–80%

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31
Q

what sends neutrophils to the site of infection?

A

Recruited by cytokines

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32
Q

How do neutrophils pass the wall of vessels?

A

a process called diapedesis

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33
Q

what do neutrophils do to bacteria?

A

engulf and phagocytose bacteria, Enzymes then kill the phagocytosed bacteria and digest them

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34
Q

what percent of leukocytes

is eosinophils?

A

1.5%

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35
Q

How do eosinophils get to the site of infection?

A

Attracted to site of infection by chemokines

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36
Q

what do eosinophils defend us from?

A

parasitic invaders (worms)

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37
Q

what do eosinophils do to the parasites?

A

granules contain toxic molecules that attack parasites

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38
Q

what percent of leukocytes

is Basophils?

A

less than 1%

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39
Q

are pastils non-phagocytic?

A

yes

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40
Q

what do basophils defend us against and how?

A

May defend against large parasites by releasing toxic substances

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41
Q

what do basophils secrete?

A

Histamine and Leukotriene C4 which attract neutrophils and eosinophils

42
Q

what do basophils contribute to?

A

allergic reactions

43
Q

where aremast cells located?

A

in tissues

44
Q

where are Natural killer cells found?

A

Circulate in the blood but are also present in tissues

45
Q

(Natural killer cells)

cytotoxic lymphocytes contain what?

A

Perforins

Granzymes

46
Q

Natural killer cells can do what ?

A

recognise and kill virus-infected cells and cancer cells

and stimulate macrophages

47
Q

what is the innate immune response?

A
  1. injured tissue cells release histamine, causes capillaries to dilate.
  2. macrophages and dendritic cells, phagatosize pathogens and release cytokines, causing inflammatory response
  3. macrophages squeeze through capillary and the phagaocytize pathogens.
  4. Blood clotting walls off capillary, preventing blood loss.
48
Q

what are symptoms of inflammatory?

A

redness, heat, swelling and pain

49
Q

what do virus infected cells secrete?

A

interferons

50
Q

in what manners to interferons act?

A

paracrine and autocrine manner

51
Q

what do interferons do?

A
  • Induce resistance of neighbouring cells to the virus
52
Q

what do interferon sod linked to NK?

A
  • Increase expression of activating ligands for NK cells on the surface of infected cells
  • Activate NK cells to kill virus-infected cells
53
Q

the complement system, involves plasma proteins that do what?

A

Plasma proteins that mark pathogens for destruction

54
Q

what protein tags a pathogen for destruction?

A

Protein C3b

55
Q

what are the three pathways in the complement system?

A

Alternative pathway
Lectin pathway
Classical Pathway

56
Q

what are some characteristics of the adaptive immune system ?

A

Specificity
Diversity
Immunological memory
Life-long immunity

57
Q

what are some specific defences of the active immune system?

A

Humoral Immunity

Cell mediated immunity

58
Q

where are B and T cells found?

A

lymphoid tissues

59
Q

what are the primary lymphoid tissues?

A

bone marrow and thymus

60
Q

what are the secondary lymphoid tissues ?

A

stimulation of lymphocytes
GALT
MALT

61
Q

what is lymphocyte recirculation?

A

lymphocytes move continuously from the blood to secondary lymphoid tissues to lymph and back to blood.

62
Q

where do B-cells mature?

A

Bone Marrow

63
Q

B cells have what on their surface?

A

specific antigen receptors on their surface

64
Q

what happens when B cells are activated?

A

it will differentiate to a plasma cell and start secreting immunoglobulins (antibodies)

65
Q

what are plasma cells known as?

A

effector cells

66
Q

whats the life span fo plasma cells?

A

4-7 days

67
Q

what can plasma cells do?

A

Produce antibodies – can mark antigens for destruction

68
Q

whats the life span of memory B cells?

A

long

69
Q

memory B cells have a ?

A

Rapid activation in a second encounter with the same antigen

70
Q

How do antibodies differ form each other?

A 
Size
Charge
Amino acid sequence
Carbohydrate content
Effect
71
Q

what are the 5 classes of antibodies?

A 
IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4
IgA1 and IgA2
IgM
IgD
IgE
72
Q

what function are all classes of antibodies capable of ?

A

Neutralisaton, agglutination and enchanting NK cell activity

73
Q

which antibodies are involved in Opsonisation ?

A

IgG and IGM

74
Q

what is Opsonisation ?

A

attaching antigens to phagocytes

75
Q

which antibody is involved in the Sensitisation of mast cells ?

A

IgE

76
Q

which antibodies are involved in the Sensitisation of basophils ?

A

IgD, IgE

77
Q

what’s the structure of IgM like?

A

5 Y shaped antibodies in a pentagon structure

78
Q

whats the most common class of antibody produced in a primary response ?

A

IgM

79
Q

what roles in antigen disposal does Igm have?

A

neutralises antigen
agglutinates antigen
activates complement

80
Q

what shape are IgD, IgE and IgG?

A

just a Y shape

81
Q

why is IgD important?

A

its an antigen receptor on B cells

82
Q

whats the most common type of antibody in the blood?

A

IgG

83
Q

what the most major class of antibody produced in seconds responses?

A

IgG

84
Q

why Is IgG important?

A

crosses placenta, important in fatal and newborn immunity.

85
Q

which antigen is linked to allergies?

A

IgE

86
Q

what rolein antigen disposal does IgE play?

A

neutralises antigen
agglutinates antigen
binds to basophils an dames cells to make histamine

87
Q

whats the structure of IgA

A

two Y’s joined at the tail horizontally

88
Q

IgA is present in ?

A

breast milk so is important in immunity of new borns

89
Q

what roles in antigen disposal does IgA play?

A

neutralises antigen

agglutinates antigen

90
Q

when are T-cells activated?

A

upon contact with an antigen

91
Q

what are the 3 regions of a T cell receptor?

A
  1. variable region
  2. constant regions
  3. transmembrane region
92
Q

what happens during T-cell mediated immune respnse?

A
  1. Antigen presenting cells will ‘carry’ the antigen into the lymph nodes
  2. T-cells that have the matching T-receptor will start proliferating and differentiate into effector cells.
93
Q

T-cell -mediated immune response.

after T cells are activated what do they do?

A

After their activation T-cells travel to infected tissues

94
Q

In T-cell -mediated immune response

Cytotoxic T-cells will secrete ________ (perforin, granzymes) and induce ______ in target cells

A
  1. cytotoxins

2. apoptosis

95
Q

what do T-helper cells do?

A

secrete cytokines

96
Q

In T-cell -mediated immune response

Regulatory T cells will ______ the activities of the other _____ T-cells

A
  1. suppress

2. effector

97
Q

which immune response is specific?

A

Adaptive immune response

98
Q

which immune response as greater diversity?

A

Adaptive immune response

99
Q

which immune response has memory?

A

Adaptive immune response

100
Q

which immune response malfunctions often?

A

Adaptive immune response

1st Year: Physiology and Anatomy (28 decks)

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