Semester 2: L18: Immunology 2

Question 1

Name 3 immune dysfucntions?

Answer 1

Hypersensitivity
Autoimmunity
Immunodeficiency

Question 2

what is Hypersensitivity?

Answer 2

Excessive responses

Question 3

what is Autoimmunity?

Answer 3

Inappropriate responses

Question 4

what is Immunodeficiency?

Answer 4

Inadequate responses

Question 5

How many classifications of hypersensitivity are there?

Answer 5

5

Question 6

what type I hypersensitivity?

Answer 6

Immediate hypersensitivity – allergic reactions

Question 7

what’s Type II hypersensitivity?

Answer 7

Antibody dependent cytotoxic hypersensitivity

Question 8

what’s Type III hypersensitivity?

Answer 8

Immune complex mediated hypersensitivity

Question 9

what’s Type IV hypersensitivity?

Answer 9

cell-mediated delayed hypersensitivity

Question 10

what are allergens?

Answer 10

antigens that can cause an allergic reactions

Question 11

allergens generally to those who are not allergic are…

Answer 11

innocuous proteins that do not threaten the body

Question 12

what cells are involved in allergic reactions?

Answer 12

Mast cells, basophils and eosinophils

Question 13

what are 2 examples of allergic reactions?

Answer 13

Hay fever

Asthma

Question 14

what happens when someone has asthma?

Answer 14

1. mucosal mast cell captures an antigen
2. inflammatory mediators, contract the smooth muscle, this increases mucous secretion, and increases blood vessel permeability

Question 15

what is chronic asthma?

Answer 15

Chronic inflammation of the airways

Question 16

what’s linked to chronic asthma?

Answer 16

Th2-cells, eosinophils and neutrophils

Question 17

what is chronic asthma classified as?

Answer 17

Type IV hypersensitivity

Question 18

A chronic response to asthma is…..

Answer 18

mediated by cytokines and eosinophil products

Question 19

what are treatments of Type I Hypersensitivity?

Answer 19

Prevention of exposure
Pharmacological treatments
Prevention of production of IgE antibodies

Question 20

what are the Pharmacological treatments for Type I Hypersensitivity?

Answer 20

Monoclonal IgE antibodies
Antihistamines
Immunosuppressant drugs

Question 21

what happens during Type II hypersensitivity?

Answer 21

• IgG and IgM antibodies bind on antigens on the cell surface of own cells
• Results to activation of the complement or effector cells

Question 22

what type of hypersensitivity does haemolytic disease of the newborn link too?

Answer 22

Type II hypersensitivity

Question 23

what is Haemolytic disease of the newborn ?

Answer 23

mother is negative, with positive child, red blood cells form baby lead to mother producing anti-RhD antibodies, but these can’t cross placenta.
In a 2nd pregnancy the same thing will happen causing a secondary response that will produce IgG antibodies, which will cover the babies red blood cells, destroying them. the baby will have severe anemia, when born can be fatal.

Question 24

what is Haemolytic disease of the newborn prevented by?

Answer 24

the mother having the anti-D injections

Question 25

what does the anti-D injection do to prevent Hemolytic disease of the newborn ?

Answer 25

It will coat baby erythrocytes and the immunological response of the mother will not be activated

Question 26

what happens during Type III hypersensitivity?

Answer 26

1. Small soluble antibody-antigen complexes 2. The complexes are deposited in tissues 3. Activation of complement Inflammatory response

Question 27

what is Type IV hypersensitivity mediated by?

Answer 27

T-cells

Question 28

How long does delayed-type hypersensitivity take ?

Answer 28

1-3 days after exposure

Question 29

what are examples of delayed-type hypersensitivity ?

Answer 29

contact dermatitis Poison ivy Coeliac disease

Question 30

Type IV hypersensitivity links too?

Answer 30

Contact dermatitis

Question 31

what is Contact dermatitis ?

Answer 31

- Small amounts of Nickel pass through the skin and interact with human proteins. - They are then recognised by DC that transfer to the lymph nodes - Activated T-cells attack the skin area

Question 32

what is Autoimmunity?

Answer 32

Failure of self-tolerance

Question 33

what happens to Autoimmunity?

Answer 33

Antibodies or T-cells attack own cells and tissues

Question 34

autoimmunity resembles what?

Answer 34

type II, III and IV hypersensitivity reactions

Question 35

Name a Immune complex disease ?

Answer 35

Systemic Lupus Erythromatosus

Question 36

what are some T-cell mediated disease ?

Answer 36

Rheumatoid Arthritis | Multiple Sclerosis

Question 37

what diseases have antibody against cell-surface or matrix antigens ?

Answer 37

Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia | Insulin autoimmune syndrome (Hypoglycaemia)

Question 38

what is Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Answer 38

Chronic and episodic inflammation of joints

Question 39

what is the Rheumatoid factor?

Answer 39

auto-antibody specific for the Fc region of human IgG

Question 40

what causes inflammation when someone has Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Answer 40

Over production of TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor)

Question 41

what stem treatments for Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Answer 41

- physiotherapy with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs - Monoclonal anti-TNFα antibodies

Question 42

what are the two type of Immunodeficiency?

Answer 42

Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Secondary Immunodeficiency Diseases

Question 43

what does Secondary Immunodeficiency Diseases cause?

Answer 43

Malnutrition Immunosuppressant drugs Tumours, Traumas Infectious agents

Question 44

what's AIDS stand for?

Answer 44

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Question 45

what's HIV?

Answer 45

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Question 46

what does HIV infect?

Answer 46

T helper (CD4+) cells, macrophages and Dendritic cells

Question 47

HIV leads to the destruction fo what?

Answer 47

CD4 T-cells

Question 48

when someone has AIDS/HIV what becomes less effective ?

Answer 48

Both antibody-dependent and cell-mediated immunity become less effective

Question 49

what's a treatment for HIV?

Answer 49

Highly Active anti-retroviral therapy

Question 50

Highly Active anti-retroviral therapy involves and does what?

Answer 50

- Combination Therapy - reduces the viral load - slows down disease progression

Question 51

not done slides

Answer 51

23 and 24