Semester 1 Test (Midterms) Flashcards
Justinian Code
A legal code written by scholars under emperor Justinian of the Byzantine Empire.
Ancient Greece Trade
Ancient Greece traded through the Mediterranean sea with countries like Egypt. They traded pottery, olive and olive oil, wine, metal and metalwork, and grains and agriculture.
Ancient Greece Exploration
Ancient Greece explored new territories with people Pythias who explored the northern world like Britain and the North Sea.
Ancient Greece Expansion
Greece expanded all the way from Greece to India with the help of Alexander the Great.
Great Greek Philosophers
Aristotle was a philosopher and pioneered many fields and was considered one of the first genuine scientists. Plato was a philosopher who wrote “The Republic” and had a profound impact on western philosophy.
Roman Trade
The Romans imported Grains, spices, and luxury goods. They exported olive oil, wine, metals, and marble. Additionally, the trade of slaves was significant in Ancient Rome.
Roman Exploration
The Romans explored areas around the Black Sea with the help of Pompey, a roman general. They also explored Germaina with emperor Augustus.
Roman Expansion
The Romans expanded with war after war and eventually conquered the Mediterranean Sea.
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire started with the crowning of Charlemagne as the first Holy Roman Emperor. It lacked a central authority and the king was often a ceremonial title. It ended after Emperor Francis II disbanded it in the Napoleonic Wars.
Eastern Orthodox Church
A branch of Christianity separated after the East-West Schism. Does not recognize the pope as the supreme authority, rather a council of bishops. Also has a different view of the original sin.
Roman Catholic Church vs. Eastern Orthodox Church
The Roman Catholic Church recognizes the pope as the head, while the Eastern Orthodox Church does not. They also have differences in the view of the original sin. They split during the Great Schism in 1054.
Fall of Western Roman Empire
Fell in 476 CE when the last emperor, Augustulus was disposed of by the Germanic tribes. A factor that leads to their fall is corruption and the inability to protect their vast empire.
Fall of Byzantine Empire
It fell in 1453 CE when the Ottoman empire broke through the walls of Constantinople. It was invaded and been in a lot of wars, weakening it and eventually leading to its fall.
Fall of Ottoman Empire
Economic challenges, military defeats, and the lack of technological advancements compared to the rest of Europe led to its demise after WW1 ended.
Mercantilism
Policy created by Jean Baptiste Colbert. Believed that there was only so much wealth in the world and for one country to win, another must lose.
Holocaust
A systematic genocide by Nazi Germany against the Jews and other minorities. Millions of people died in the Holocaust and were subject to mass shootings, forced labor, and medical experiments.
Communism
A socio-economic and political ideology that advocates for a classless society where the means of production are commonly owned and wealth is distributed evenly.
Capitalism
An economic and political system where private individuals or business own and control the means of production and operate for profit with limited government intervention and competition determines prices.
Genocide
the deliberate killing of a large number of people from a particular nation or ethnic group with the aim of destroying that nation or group.
League of Nations
Proposed by the U.S. but didn’t join after congress disapproved. It sought to promote peace but lacked the power to enforce it. It lead the groundwork for the United Nations.
United Nations
An international organization created by many nations, this time including the U.S. It promotes global peace, security, and addresses humanitarian issues. Serves as a stage for nations to collaborate with each other.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
A military alliance formed by U.S. Canada, and many Western European nations on April 4, 1949 to protect themselves, primarily from Russia.
Warsaw Pact
A military alliance created on May 14, 1955 by the Soviet Union with its satellite states. This served as a counter to NATO and the west.
Iron Curtain
It was coined by Winston Churchill in 1946 and it symbolizes the division between west and east Europe.
Containment
A Cold War foreign policy by the U.S. to try to stop the spread of Communism to other countries.
Domino Theory
The theory that when one country falls to communism, others around it will too.
Alexander the Great
One of the best military commanders in history and became king of Macedonia (an independent kingdom in Greece). He expanded his lands all the way to India, before he had to turn back. He created a empire that blended Greek and Persian cultures, also knows as the Hellenistic Empire.
Adam Smith
Wrote the Wealth of Nations that fought for free markets that the government wont tamper with.
Joseph Stalin
Rose to power after Vladimir Lenin and outmaneuvered his political opponents and became General Secretary and eventually became leader of Russia. He implemented rapid industrialization of Russia and the Great Purge. He also played a huge role in Soviet Victory in WW2 and contributed to the Cold War.
Friedrich Engels
Partnered with Karl Marx and wrote the Communist Manifesto
Winston Churchill
Prime minister of the UK during WW2
Otto von Bismarck
Foremost practitioner of Realpolitik, played a major role in the Unification of Germany, and became chancellor of the German Empire.
Voltaire
Believed in freedom of religion, expression, and separation of church and state. He also championed Deism, which depicted God as a mechanic and the universe as a clock.
John Locke
Author of the “Essay Concerning Human Understanding.” Believed that people were molded by their environment and by changing the environment. Also believed in life, liberty, and property. Urged the people to revolt against a tyrannical government.
Louis XIV
Also known as the sun king. Built the palace of Versailles and centralized the power of the French Monarchy. Engaged in many wars and was an absolutist. Lived in the 17th-18th century.
Vladimir Lenin
Led the Bolshevik party and overthrew the Russian government in the Russian Revolution, ended Russian involvement in WW1 and established the USSR. Also embraced the revolutionary ideas of Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels
Adolf Hitler
Founder and leader of the Nazi party who took control of Germany, started WW2 and the Holocaust, and betrayed the USSR and invaded them.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Implemented the New Deal that helped pull the U.S. out of the Great depression. Also introduced key reforms, like social security.
Czar Nicholas II
The last emperor of Russia and abdicated in 1917 in the Russian Revolution. He had tons of military failures, including the war with Japan.
Rousseau
Wrote the Social Contract where a society is governed by its general will. Wrote the novel Emily which was very influential on education in this period
Thomas Hobbes
Proposed the idea of the social contract where individuals give up certain freedoms for a powerful sovereign authority. He also believed in absolute monarchy.
Vasco da Gama
A Portuguese explorer who pioneered the first trade routes from Europe to India, reshaping global trade and navigation in the late 15th century.
Karl Marx
Father of the Communist Manifesto, created communism.
Benito Mussolini
Founder of Italian Fascism and rose to power with the march on Rome. Became Prime Minister and eventually Duce of Italy. He established an authoritarian regime and was thrown out of power by his own council.
Douglas MacArthur
Played a major role in the Pacific Theater in WW2 and the Korean War and led to the occupation of Japan.
Alexander II
An emperor of Russia famous for implementing major reforms such as the emancipation of the serfs.
Montesquieu
Wrote the Spirit of Laws which established the idea of checks and balances. Many of his ideas were brought on to the U.S. constitution.
Martin Luther
A 16th century German theologian who sparked the Protestant Reformation when he wrote the 95 theses, challenging the Catholic Churches practices. He believed that faith was the key to salvation instead of good works. His influence shaped Lutheranism and Protestantism, leaving a huge impact on Christianity.
End of the Middle Ages
The fall of Constantinople in 1453 marked the end of the middle ages and the beginning of the Renaissance
The Black Death
A plague that wiped out 30-50% of Europe. Had profound implications on all aspects of life.
Renaissance
Spanned from the 14th to 17th century, was a period of cultural and intellectual revival in Europe.
Enlightenment
Spanning 17th to 18th century, a period that focused on individual rights, reason, and science. It was also a period where people questioned traditional authority (absolute monarchies).
Protestant Reformation
Led by Martin Luther, challenged the Catholic Church’s practices, emphasizing doctrines like justification from faith alone. This lead to a new branch of Christianity called Protestantism.
Counter Reformation
This was the Church’s attempt at stopping the Protestant Reformation. They established the Jesuits, held the Council of Trent, and reaffirmed key Catholic doctrines.
Scientific Revolution
A period in the 16th-17th century where significant progress to science, mathematics, and philosophy occurred.
Scientific Method
A step by step process used by scientists, and sometimes historians, to solve problems.
Industrial Revolution
Started in the UK and spread to other countries. It brought a radical shift from agrarian to an industrial economy.
Colonialism and Imperialism
Colonialism is the establishment and control of colonies by a foreign power. Imperialism is a policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
WW1 Participants
Allied Powers included: France, UK, Russia, Italy, USA, Japan, and Serbia. Central Powers included: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.
WW1 military strategy/inventions/etc.
Trench warfare, naval blockades by UK, tanks, chemical weapons, submarines, first use of bombers.
WW1 Lead up and outcome
Tensions were already high in Europe and exploded with the assassination of the arch duke. Secret alliances also made the war bigger than expected. The war ended with the armistice and Germany got hit the hardest with the treaty of Versailles. It also redrew European borders and the resentment helped lead to WW2.
WW2 Participants
Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, and Japan.
Allied Powers: France, Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and China(to a lesser degree)
WW2 New Military strategies/inventions/etc.
Blitzkrieg tactics, island hopping, combined arms tactic(combined infantry, tanks, planes, and artillery), invention of jet propulsion, radar technology first used and advanced, and the atomic bomb.
WW2 Lead Up and Outcome
Undoing of the Treaty of Versailles and rise of totalitarian regimes led to WW2. The catalyst was Hitlers invasion of Poland. The outcome was an allied victory after Japan surrendered, the Nuremberg Trials, creation of the United Nations, the division of Germany, and Japanese occupation.
Cold War Commencement
The Cold War commenced when the alliance between the USSR and U.S began to deteriorate. Tensions rose as ideological, political, and economic differences emerged between the East and West.
Major Issues with the Cold War
The Cold War was marked by Ideological, political, and economical issues and differences between the USSR and the U.S.
Wars Withen the Cold War
Korean War, the Vietnamese War, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the Afghan-Soviet War.
What Brought the Cold War to an End
The collapse of the Soviet Union brought the Cold War to an end. It collapsed due to economic problems and Mikhail Gorbachev
Cold War Space Race
A race between the U.S. and the Soviet Union for space exploration. The USSR launched the first satellite, but the U.S. won by landing people on the moon.
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
A race between the U.S. and the Soviet union to get the most and best nukes. This lasted from the end of WW2 to the collapse of the Soviet Union
WW1 Start Date
July 28, 1914
WW1 End Date
November 11, 1918
Louis XVI
King during the French Revolution. Supported the Americans during their revolution, but it bankrupt them and there wasn’t enough food for the peasants, who overthrew him
WW2 Start Date
September 1, 1939
WW2 End Date
September 2, 1945
Nicholas Copernicus
Responsible for the Heliocentric theory
Johannes Kepler
Responsible for coming up with how the planets rotate.
Galileo Galilei
Perfected the telescope and manufactured it. Also made huge contributions to physics and astronomy
Issac Newton
Comes up with the laws of gravity and motion.
Founder of Physics
William Harvey
Comes up with the blood circulatory system
Rene Descartes & Francis Bacon
Comes up with the scientific method
Fredrick the Great
Very well educated and cultured and enlarged the Prussian army greatly. Also made many reforms such as mostly abolishing torture and granting a limited amount of free speech and press.
Joseph II
Sweeped away everything in the path of reason and made many reforms. His successors undid many of his reforms. Ruler of the Holy Roman Empire.
Catherine the Great
A brutal ruler who favored the nobility of Russia. Crushed the peasant revolts in 1773-75.
Beccaria
Argued for a speedy trial, abolishment of death penalty and torture. His ideas made it into the bill of rights we have today.
Great Schism(1378 to 1417)
Split within the Catholic Church which created 3 popes.
East–West Schism
Permanently separated Christianity into two churches - the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church
Yalta Conference
A conference to decide what to do with Germany, creating the United Nations, and Poland’s future.
Congress of Vienna
1814-1815. Made to keep France in check and stabilize Europe after the Napoleonic wars. Was at Vienna, Austria. Changed borders of many countries and helped lead to WW1.
Russo-Japanese war
A war between Russia and Japan. This happened because Russia and Japan wanted Manchuria(an area in the Korean empire). Russia lost because Japan has been rapidly militarizing.
October Manifesto
To quell the social unrest and strikes in Russia, Tsar Nicholas signed the October Manifesto. It created an elected legislative assembly called the Duma, guaranteed civil liberties, and made constitutional reforms.
Russian Provisional Government
Formed after the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II. Lasted for 8 months. Overthrown in October of 1917 by the Bolsheviks lead by Lenin in now whats called the October Revolution.
Russian Constituent Assembly
Lasted for one meeting, then the Bolsheviks dissolved it. Held elections in November 1917 and held its meeting in January 1918. Many of its officials disagreed with Lenin, which is why it was dissolved.
Reforms of 1815 to 1848: December 1825
Aristocrats tried to overthrow Tsar and put his older brother on the throne. This failed and many were killed.
Napoleon Bonaparte
Was a general in the French Revolution and then eventually became emperor of France and fought with the rest of Europe during the Napoleonic wars. Reigned from 1800 to 1815.
Ivan III
Also known as Ivan the Great. Asserted independence from the Mongols and expanded Russia’s power.
Ivan IV
Also known as Ivan the Terrible. He broke the power of the nobility, punished the enemy’s of tsar. He established absolute control of the tsar by using terror, secret police, and the suspension of law
October Revolution
Bolshevik party took over key government buildings and overthrew the provisional government
February Revolution
Demonstrators took to the streets of Petrograd and Nicholas II abdicated and the Duma formed a provisional government.
Russian Civil War
Civil war broke out in Russia after the October Revolution. This was between the red army(Bolshevik) and white armies(rebels). Bolsheviks won and Lenin created the Soviet Union.
Estates General
Summoned by Louis XVI to address financial crisis, leading to the formation of the National Assembly
Tennis Court Oath
Oath taken by the National Assembly to draft a New Constitution, refusing to disband until they do so.
Storming of the Bastille
Symbolic event, marking the people’s defiance against royal authority and the beginning of widespread unrest.
Women’s March on Versailles
Protest over food shortages; royal family forced to move to Paris, demonstrating the power of the people.
Constitution of 1791
Established a constitutional monarchy, limiting the king’s powers and introducing a representative government.
Reign of Terror
Radical phase led by the Committee of Public Safety; mass executions, including that of Louis XVI. Led by Robespierre.
Execution of Marie Antoinette
Symbolized the end of the monarchy and heightened revolutionary fervor.
Robespierre’s Execution
Marks the end of the Reign of Terror; Robespierre’s radical leadership comes to an abrupt and violent conclusion.
Napoleon’s Rise
Coup d’état by Napoleon Bonaparte ends the Revolution; leads to the establishment of the Consulate and later the French Empire.
Crusades
A set of religious wars authorized by the Church to recapture Holy Lands from Islamic control.
Cause of the English Reformation
King Henry VIII’s desire to divorce Catherine of Aragon and the Church denied his request started the English Reformation.
Acts of Supremacy
Henry declared himself the head of the Church of England and breaking from the authority of the pope.
Dissolution of Monasteries
Henry disbanded Catholic monasteries, seizing their wealth and property.
Feudalism
A system in which people were given land and protection by people of higher rank, and worked and fought for them in return
Manorialism
Economic system tied to manors; peasants worked the land in exchange for protection.
Catholic Church Influence
Dominated religious, cultural, and political life; served as a unifying force.
Hundred Years’ War
Conflict between England and France; marked by Joan of Arc’s influence.
Magna Carta
Document limiting the power of the monarch, laying foundations for constitutional law.
Urbanization
Rapid city growth created due to the need for workers at large factories.
Berlin Conference
European powers divided Africa, setting the stage for the Scramble for Africa
Scramble for Africa
Intense period of European colonial expansion into Africa.
WW2 Paris Peace Treaties
Treaties with Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Finland, and Hungary. Addresses territorial changes and reparations.
Tripartite Pact
Military alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan to counter the Allies.
Treaty of Versailles
Ended World War I; imposed heavy penalties on Germany, redrew European borders, and established the League of Nations.
Treaty of Trianon
Dealt with Hungary after World War I; diminished its territory and population, contributing to political and economic instability.
Treaty of Brest-Litovisk
Between Soviet Russia and Central Powers; ended Russian participation in World War I, ceding significant territories to Germany.
Treaty of Neuilly
Dealt with Bulgaria after World War I; imposed territorial losses, military restrictions, and reparations, affecting Bulgaria’s economy and politics.
King Henry VIII
English monarch in the 16th century. Separated from the Catholic Church to divorce his wife. Dissolved Monasteries, took their land and wealth. Declared himself the head of the English Church.
1914-WW1
Assassination of archduke Franz-Ferdinand, start of the war.
1917-WW1
Resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare led U.S. to join the war, also October Revolution in Russia.
1918-WW1
Treaty of Bresk-Litovsk made Russia pull out of the war and Armistice signed with Germany, considered end of war
1919-WW1
Treaty of Versailles signed, officially end of war.
1939: WW2
Germany invaded Poland, starting WW2
1940: WW2
Germany defeats France
1941: WW2
Germany invades USSR, Japan bombs Pearl Harbor, leading the U.S. to join the war
1942: WW2
Allies win at Midway and invades North Africa
1943: WW2
Allies invade Italy and Italy surrenders
1944: WW2
D-Day invasion, allies liberate Paris
1945: WW2
Hitler commits suicide, Yalta Conference, Japan gets nuked, Japan surrenders, WW2 ends.
