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Global History 1 > MENA Test 2 > Flashcards

MENA Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Berlin Conference

A
  • 1884-1885
  • Meeting of major European powers to negotiate and formalize claims to territory in Africa.
  • Organized by German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck.
  • Detrimental to Africans, increased European rivalry.
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2
Q

Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)

A
  • Long territorial dispute.
  • Saddam Hussein launched attack.
    *Ended in UN-brokered ceasefire
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3
Q

What significant outcome did Tunisia achieve after the Jasmine Revolution?

A

Transition to democracy with free elections

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3
Q

Who was ousted during Tunisia’s Jasmine Revolution?

A

President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali

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4
Q

Egyptian Revolution of 2011

A
  • Protests began in late January 2011.
  • Led to resignation of President Hosni Mubarak in February 2011.
  • Military took control; subsequent unrest followed.
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5
Q

Libya Revolt of 2011

A
  • Protests against Muammar Gaddafi’s regime.
  • Escalated into civil war.
  • NATO intervention; Gaddafi overthrown and killed.
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6
Q

Syria Uprising of 2011-2012

A
  • Started as protests against President Bashar al-Assad.
  • Brutal government crackdown led to civil war.
  • Resulted in widespread destruction and humanitarian crisis.
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7
Q

Yemen Uprising of 2011-12

A
  • Protests against President Ali Abdullah Saleh’s regime.
  • Saleh resigned in 2012.
  • Passed down power to his VP
  • Transition to democracy marred by continued unrest and conflict.
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8
Q

Ayatollah definition

A

A high-ranking title given to Usuli Twelver Shi’a clerics, the religious leader in Iran

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9
Q

Reza Shah Pahlavi

A
  • Shah of Iran from 1925 to 1941.
  • Known for modernization efforts and authoritarian rule.
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10
Q

Muhammad Reza Pahlavi

A
  • King of Iran from September 16, 1941, to February 1979.
  • Overthrown during the Islamic Revolution.
  • Born in Tehran, oldest son of Reza Shah.
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11
Q

Mohammad Mossadegh

A
  • Former premier of Iran during Reza Shah’s reign.
  • Led a coup in 1953.
  • Nationalized Iran’s oil industry.
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12
Q

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

A
  • First Iranian Ayatollah.
  • Revolutionary leader.
  • Politician and founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
  • Leader of the 1979 Islamic Revolution.
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13
Q

British protectorates/colonies in North Africa

A

Egypt and Sudan

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14
Q

French protectorates/colonies in North Africa

A

Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco

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15
Q

Italian protectorates/colonies in North Africa

A

Libya

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16
Q

Colonial Administration Tools that Backfired

A
  • Education system: Educated indigenous populations, empowering them to understand and challenge colonial injustices, leading to the rise of nationalist movements.
  • Infrastructure development: Provided physical means for communication and organization among colonized peoples, facilitating resistance movements and coordination against colonial powers.
17
Q

Resistance Methods in Colonies:

A
  • Armed uprisings and civil disobedience
  • Political movements and advocacy
18
Q

Effects of Iran becoming an Islamic Republic

A
  • Return to conservative social values enforced
  • Family Protection Act of 1967 voided, then amended in 1979
  • Revolutionary Guards caused intimidation and repression
19
Q

1948 Arab-Israeli War

A
  • Context: Arab rejection of UN Partition Plan, declaration of Israeli statehood.
  • Participants: Israel, Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Iraq, Lebanon.
  • Outcome: Israel gains territory beyond UN-designated borders, refugee crisis, armistice agreements.
20
Q

Sykes-Picot Agreement

A
  • Agreement between British Sykes and French Picot.
  • Determined mandates over Middle Eastern countries.
  • Britain: Iraq, Transjordan, Palestine. France: Syria, Lebanon.
21
Q

League of Nations

A
  • Founded after WWI.
  • Not joined by the USA.
  • Britain and France were primary powers.
  • Redistributed German and Ottoman lands.
  • Excluded Germany, Ottoman Empire, and Arab countries.
22
Q

Druze

A
  • Middle Eastern religious sect.
  • Founded in Cairo in 1017.
  • Monotheists.
  • Developed out of Isma’ilite teachings
23
Q

Theodor Herzl

A
  • Founder of Zionism.
  • Advocated for Jewish homeland due to European persecution.
24
Q

Zionism

A
  • Belief in Jewish homeland.
  • Response to persecution.
  • Advocated for Jews to live together for safety.
24
Q

Balfour Declaration (1917)

A
  • British support for Jewish homeland in Palestine.
  • Didn’t specify any group.
25
Q

Arab League (1945)

A
  • Formed due to Pan-Arabism to improve Arab countries’ situations.
  • Economic, social, and political goals.
25
Q

Imagined Communities

A
  • Concept of uniting against an opposing force and imagined the utopian, collective life prior to opposing force
26
Q

Resolution 181 (1947)

A
  • UN partition plan for Palestine.
  • Created Israel and Palestine.
  • Controversial due to Jewish lobbying.
27
Q

Arab Nationalism

A
  • Gradual move towards independence.
  • Common experiences unite Arabs.
  • Establishment of Arab League.
28
Q

Gamal Abdel Nasser

A
  • President of Egypt during 1967 war.
  • Blocked Tiran Strait.
  • Refused UN ceasefires.
29
Q

Iranian Revolution (1979)

A
  • Overthrew Shah.
  • Led by Ayatollah Khomeini.
  • Established Islamic Republic.
30
Q

Suez Canal

A
  • Connects Mediterranean and Red Sea.
  • Built in 1869.
  • Strategic waterway.
31
Q

US Hostage Crisis (1979)

A
  • 66 US embassy hostages.
  • Anti-Western sentiment.
    *Manifestation of Iranian revolution
32
Q

What was the catalyst for the Arab Spring?

A

Mohamed Bouazizi’s self-immolation in Tunisia

33
Q

Which countries were involved in the Arab Spring?

A

Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Syria, Yemen, and others

34
Q

What were the main goals of the Arab Spring protests?

A

Political change, democracy, and social justice

34
Q

What was the Arab Spring (2010-2012) known for?

A

Series of protests and uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa

35
Q

What event sparked the Arab Spring in December 2010?

A

Tunisia’s Jasmine Revolution

36
Q

1967 Six-Day War

A
  • Context: Heightened tensions, Egyptian blockade of the Straits of Tiran, Arab military buildup.
  • Participants: Israel, Egypt, Jordan, Syria.
  • Outcome: Israeli victory, occupation of Sinai Peninsula, West Bank, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights.
37
Q

1973 Yom Kippur War

A
  • Context: Surprise Egyptian and Syrian attacks on Yom Kippur, seeking to regain lost territory.
  • Participants: Israel, Egypt, Syria.
    *Outcome: Initially successful Arab offensives, followed by Israeli counterattacks and ceasefire, led to peace negotiations.

Global History 1 (7 decks)

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