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Global History 1 > MENA Test 1 > Flashcards

MENA Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Epic of Gilgamesh

A

An epic poem from Mesopotamia. Goal was to find immortality

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2
Q

Code of Hammurabi

A

A code of law in the Babylon Empire (part of Mesopotamia) made by King Hammurabi.

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3
Q

Life in Early Mesopotamia

A

Mainly an agricultural economy and settled around the Euphrates and Tigris rivers in city states. Religion also played a big role in Mesopotamian life.

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4
Q

Monotheism

A

The belief in the existence of only one deity or god. Examples include: Christianity, Judaism, Islam

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5
Q

Father of the Faith in Judaism

A

Abraham

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6
Q

Holy Books in Judaism

A

Main Holy Books: Torah and Talmud

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7
Q

Approximate Time of Judaism

A

Started at approximately 1800 BCE

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8
Q

Christianity connection to Judaism

A

Christianity and Judaism shared its foundational texts in the Old Testament. Christianity also traces its roots back to Judaism.

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9
Q

Holy Books in Christianity

A

The Bible

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10
Q

Persecution of the Christians

A

Persecution started in the early days of Christianity and persevered to today. Examples include: Roman Empire in the first few centuries AD.

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11
Q

Approximate time of Christianity

A

Started in the first century AD to today.

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12
Q

Islam connection to Judaism

A

Islam originated from both Judaism and Christianity. It also recognized Abraham as the first prophet, like Judaism. It also incorporates part of Jewish history as its own.

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13
Q

Islams Prophet

A

Muhammad

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14
Q

Holy Cities in Islam

A

Mecca and Medina

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15
Q

Holy Books in Islam

A

Qur’an and Hadiths

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16
Q

Pillars of Islam

A

Acknowledge that there is only one god,
Pray towards Mecca 5 times daily,
Give a portion of wealth to the needy,
Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan,
Pilgrimage to Mecca

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17
Q

Sunni and Shi’a divide

A

Muhammad had no male heir, made split in Islam into two groups, Sunnis who followed Abu Bakr and Shi’as who followed Ali.

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18
Q

Requirements for Converting

A

Islam: Declaration of faith in god
Christianity: Public Declaration
Judaism: Born into it, or go through extensive process

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19
Q

Components of the Sharia

A

Qur’an
Sunna (behavior) of Prophet
Fiqh - analytical reasoning
Ijma - consensus of the community

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20
Q

Ottomans Time Period

A

Lasted from 14th to 20th century, almost 600 years

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21
Q

Why were the Ottomans so successful?

A

They were technologically advanced, powerful military, held a strategic location, established the millet system, and incorporated different cultures and religions into it.

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22
Q

Who and when did Constantinople fall to

A

Sultan Mehmed II, or Mehmed the Conqueror, 1453

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23
Q

Suleyman I

A

Established a unified law, expanded both the territory and the revenue of the empire, built up Constantinople (Istanbul) as the empire’s capital.

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24
Q

Political and Economical Success of the Ottomans

A

Implemented sophisticated tax systems, and being located at the crossroads of Europe Asia, and Africa made it a center for trade. They established a centralized government with the Sultan and his advisers.

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25
Q

Ottomans Social Hierarchy

A

Most powerful to least powerful: Sultan and his Royal Family, Court Officials and Elites, Military (particularly Janissary), Bureaucracy and Administration, urban elite and merchants, peasantry, non-Muslim minorities, and slaves.

26
Q

Ottoman Decline

A

The refusal to industrialize created technological disparity. There was an internal decline in bureaucracy and military efficiency. New trade routes made Ottomans less important. Lost many wars, including WWI, which was the final nail in the coffin.

27
Q

Napoleon in Egypt

A

Entered in 1798 to block British trade from India, got defeated by the British and deserted his army and went back to France

28
Q

British in Egypt

A

The British were there to protect their trade route to India. Britain also profited off the Egyptian economy.

29
Q

Sykes-Picot Agreement

A

An agreement between two statesmen from Britain and France.
Determined the post-war territories of Arab Middle East lands

30
Q

What happened to the Middle East countries after WW2?

A

Many gained their independence, signaling the end of colonialism. The middle east became a battleground in the Cold War. The creation of Israel lead to regional conflicts.

31
Q

Three Types of Mandates

A

A Cass: Close to gaining independence
B Class: Far, but not impossible to gain independence
C Class: Cant govern themselves, let alone gain independence.

32
Q

Types of Mandates: Where does the middle east fall?

A

Majority of the Middle East fell into Class A, with only Transjordan in Class B and no countries in Class C.

33
Q

Druze

A

Middle Eastern Religious sect developed out of Israelite teachings. No interactions with the outside world.

34
Q

Zionism

A

Created by Theodor Herzl. A movement for development and protection of the Jewish nation now called Israel.

35
Q

League of Nations Connection with the Middle East

A

The League of Nations assigned mandates to European Powers to govern Middle Eastern Countries. They also played a role in resolving disputes and conflicts in the middle east.

36
Q

UN Resolution 181

A

Split Palestine into Arab and Jewish states, now called Israel.

37
Q

Difference Between Colonies, Protectorates, and Mandates

A

A colony is controlled and governed directly by its colonizer. Protectorates is an independent territory being protected by a stronger foreign power. Mandates were a system used to govern territories formerly controlled by defeated powers like the Ottoman and German empires.

38
Q

Importance of the Suez Canal

A

The Suez Canal connects the Mediterranean with the Red Sea, creating a major shortcut. It is one of the most important trade routes in the world.

39
Q

Balfour Declaration

A

A declaration by the British during WWI showing its support in creating a national home for the Jewish. It also recognizes Arab rights in Palestine.

40
Q

Armenian Genocide

A

I systematic extermination of the Armenians by the Ottoman Empire. Occurred between 1915 and 1923 and killed 1.5 million Armenians.

41
Q

Who was Mustafa Kemal?

A

Founder of modern Turkey. Made many reforms and modernized Turkey.

42
Q

Major Changes by Mustafa Kemal

A

Separated religion from the state. Modernized Turkey and also replaced Arabic with the Latin alphabet, increasing literacy. Made education free

43
Q

Arab Israeli War 1948: Cause

A

The cause was the declaration of independence from Israel on May 14, 1948

44
Q

Arab Israeli War 1948: Major Players

A

Israel, Transjordan, Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Palestinian

45
Q

Arab Israeli War 1948: Phases of War

A

Phase 1: Palestinians attack Israel, failed
Phase 2: Zionist military forces captured key points and pushed the Arab nations back
Phase 3: Arab League counter attack, very successful.
Phase 4: Israeli forces launched an offensive, pushed the Arab forces out and gained a lot more land. Cease fire signed.

46
Q

Arab Israeli War 1948: Support

A

United Nations, Britain, Czechoslovakia, U.S. and U.S.S.R supported Israel. Arab nations in the middle east supported Palestine.

47
Q

Arab Israeli War 1948: Fronts

A

Jordanian and Iraq attacked from the West Bank. Syria and Lebanon attacked from the north. Egypt with some troops from Saudi Arabia attacked from the South.

48
Q

Israel vs Hamas

A

Started on June 28, 2006, when Hamas attacked Israel and the war has been ongoing till this day.

49
Q

Arab-Israeli War 1967: Cause

A

Tensions heightened when Palestinian guerrilla groups based in Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan attacked Israel more and more. The Soviets informed Israels neighbors that it was planning to attack Syria although inaccurate.

50
Q

Arab-Israeli War 1967: Players

A

Israel, Jordan, Egypt, Syria

51
Q

Arab-Israeli War 1967: Military sizes

A

The Arab Countries had over double the troops and guns compared to Israel.

52
Q

Arab-Israeli War 1967: Battle

A

Israel attacked first in Operation Focus, striking Egypt, Syria, and Jordanian air forces. The Israelis saw success on the ground as well, capturing the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza strip, and West Bank. The UN Security Council then proposed a ceasefire, which was accepted.

53
Q

Arab-Israeli War 1956: Cause

A

Gamal Abdel Nasser, president of Egypt, nationalized the Suez Canal and launched a blockade of the straits of Tiran, preventing Israeli ships from accessing the red sea. This lead to Israel to collaborate with France and Britain to attack Egypt.

54
Q

Arab-Israeli War 1956: Players

A

Israel, UK, France, U.S. Egypt

55
Q

Arab-Israeli War 1956: Intervention

A

The Soviet Union threatened France, Britain, and Israel with nuclear attacks if they didn’t withdraw. The U.S. threatened with sanctions if they didn’t withdraw, this worked and the French, British, and Israeli forces withdrew.

56
Q

Arab-Israeli War 1956: Outcome

A

Gamal Abdel Nasser became a hero for the Egyptians and the Suez Canal is placed firmly in Egyptian hands.

57
Q

Creation of Turkey

A

Turkey was created after the overthrow of Sultan Mehmet VI by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1922

58
Q

Arab-Israeli War 1948: Key People

A

David Ben Gurion (Israel), Abdullah I (Jordan), Muhammad Najib (Iraq), Farouk I (Egypt)

59
Q

Start date of Arab-Israeli war of 1948

A

May 15 1948

60
Q

End date of Arab-Israeli war of 1948

A

March 10 1949

Global History 1 (7 decks)

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