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Global Studies Honors > Semester 1 Study Set > Flashcards

Semester 1 Study Set Flashcards

1
Q

Genocide

A
  • The deliberate persecution of a group of people
  • Can involve killing or forced migration
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2
Q

The origins of genocide

A

1940s: World War II & the Holocaust:
- Publicity (Nuremburg Trials, etc.)
- 6 million Jews & 6 million others killed, attracted attention
- The status of Jews in society
- When the United Nations is formed, the word is created

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3
Q

Jews in Germany before the Holocaust

A
  • 1-2% of Jewish population in Germany
  • Worked as bankers, merchants, and in entertainment and were mostly middle and upper middle class
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4
Q

Germany before Hitler

A
  • Known as the Weimar Republic
  • Suffered through hyper inflation
  • Created modern art/culture
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5
Q

Hitler’s rise to power

A
  • Hitler creates the National Socialist Society (now known as Nazis)
  • Hitler goes to jail and writes Mein Kampf (My Struggles), describing the Final Solution
  • Passes the Nuremburg Laws, segregating Jewish citizens
  • Jews were sent to ghettos and sexual relations between Jews and non-Jews were made illegal
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6
Q

3 methods of persecution and killing

A
  1. Firing squads
    - One of the earliest methods but was later deemed inefficient
  2. Work camps
    - Death from being overworked
    - Death from disease
  3. Concentration camps
    - Evaluated upon arrival for health and either told to go right or left
    - One side went to work, and the other side went to be gassed
    - Used zyklon B for gas chambers
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7
Q

Doctor Mengele

A

Experimented on humans to find ways to mass kill Jews

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8
Q

6 million “others”

A
  1. Roma
  2. Slavs
  3. LGBTQ+
  4. Physically/mentally disabled
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9
Q

Who are the Armenians?

A
  • Live in the Caucus region, in Armenia, and in eastern Turkey
  • Vast majority are Christian (Armenian Apostolic Church)
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10
Q

The Ottoman Empire

A
  • Muslim empire
  • Rose to power in 1453
  • Conquered the Eastern Roman Empire
  • Allowed for religious freedom, but treated those of other religions as 2nd class citizens
  • Territory in the Middle East, northern Africa and eastern Europe
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11
Q

Age of Imperialism (The Ottoman Empire)

A
  • Ottoman Empire starts to lose power during the Age of Imperialism
  • European nations are threatening Ottoman territory
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12
Q

Ottoman Empire’s nationalism

A
  • Promote Turkish and Islamic culture
  • Armenians become more nationalistic and protest
  • Ottomans kill about 300,000 protestors (mid-1800s to early 1900s)
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13
Q

The Young Turks

A
  • Started a rebellion in 1908
  • Promised to restore the constitution and provide equal rights for all citizens
  • Armenians support the Young Turks
  • Came to power in 1913 but broke their promises (bait and switch)
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14
Q

Russia vs. the Ottoman Empire

A
  • Russians are trying to take over Eastern Anatolia (where Armenians live)
  • Ottomans fear that there will be a Russian-Armenian coalition because Russia is a Christian nation and Armenians are enemies with the Ottomans (the enemy of my enemy is my friend)
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15
Q

Actions of the Armenian Genocide

A
  1. Killing by gunfire
    - Killed mostly men
    - Reduced the population
    - Prevented future populations from existing
  2. Sent to the desert
    - Mostly women and children
    - Die of dehydration, starvation, or exhaustion
    - No resources in the desert
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16
Q

Reactions to the Armenian Genocide

A
  • Believed helping the Armenian victims would be seen as an act of war against the Turks
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17
Q

Modern day denial to the Armenian Genocide

A
  • Turkey refuses to acknowledge the Armenian Genocide
  • Happened during a war
  • Victims were people they deemed a threat
  • Have not been pressed to admit it
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18
Q

Rwanda

A
  • A French Catholic country located in central Africa
  • Colonized by Germany in the 1800s, however, in 1916, Belgium took over
  • Became independent in 1962
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19
Q

Population of Rwanda

A
  • 84% Hutu: Agricultural, worked with crops
  • 15% Tutsi: Worked with cattle
  • 1% Twa: Are pygmies (shorter than average) due to malnutrition
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20
Q

Belgian perspective on Rwanda

A
  • Tutsis were considered the superior group: were more wealthier due to how profitable cattle were, were taller and lighter-skinned, and more enthusiastic about being Catholic
  • Belgians governed through Tutsi kings and identify Rwandans’ ethnicities through ID cards
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21
Q

Rwandan Independence

A
  • Became independent in 1962
  • Led to several ethnic tensions, and many Tutsis being driven out of Rwanda and into Uganda and Burundi
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22
Q

Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF)

A
  • Comprised of Tutsis in Uganda and Burundi who invaded Rwanda in the 1990s
  • Leads to a civil war from 1990-1993, which is ended through the Arusha Accords
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23
Q

Rwandan Genocide

A
  • The accords are not upheld: a genocide that lasts 100 days begins in 1994, with an estimated 700,000-800,000 victims (Tutsis)
  • Hutus committed the genocide, as they believed it was unfair that a minority group ran the country
  • Propaganda is spread through the radio, ordering Hutus to kill Tutsis
  • Child soldiers are used as ruses to steal UN weapons and as pawns for killing
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24
Q

Romeo Dallaire

A
  • A UN peace-keeping solder who is sent to Rwanda because he is French-Canadian
  • After seeing the genocide first hand, he exposes the atrocities to world leaders and urges them to help
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25
Q

Reaction to the Rwandan Genocide

A
  • USA suffered from Somalia Syndrome (sending thoughts and prayers instead of helping)
  • Due to an incident in Somalia after trying to intervene in conflict (death of 18 US soldiers)
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26
Q

Leaders at the Yalta Conference

A
  • Franklin Roosevelt (United States)
  • Winston Churchill (Great Britain)
  • Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)
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27
Q

When and where did the Yalta Conference take place?

A

February 4-11, 1945; Crimea, Soviet Union

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28
Q

The significance of the location of the conference

A
  • The location of the conference in the Soviet Union gave Stalin the upper hand
  • It was based in the country he ruled over
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29
Q

Roosevelt’s agenda

A
  • Desired Soviet military support against Japan following Germany’s defeat
  • Soviet participation in the United Nations
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30
Q

Churchill’s agenda

A
  • Securing free elections in Eastern Europe for Soviet-liberated countries
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31
Q

Stalin’s agenda

A
  • Creating a Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe to protect against future threats
  • This included acquiring Poland under Soviet control due to its geographical location between Germany and the Soviet Union
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32
Q

Post-war Germany

A

The leaders decided to split Germany into 3 zones: one for each Allied leader, and they would perform the process of demilitarization and denazification

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33
Q

France and post-war Germany

A
  • Churchill advocated for France to receive a 4th zone from Germany,
  • It had been liberated by Germany during the war and had a similar government to that of Great Britain’s
  • Stalin would only agree if the territory for France was taken from American and British zones
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34
Q

Leaders at the Potsdam Conference

A
  • Harry Truman (United States; Roosevelt passed away)
  • Clement Attlee (Great Britain; Churchill was not re-elected)
  • Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)
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35
Q

When and where was the Potsdam Conference held?

A

July 17, 1945; Germany (already in 4 zones)

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36
Q

How did Churchill describe Stalin?

A

“A mystery wrapped in a riddle, wrapped in an enigma”

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37
Q

How did Stalin react to Truman’s news of the United States’ atomic bomb?

A
  • Stalin already knew, as he had spies who relayed him the information about the Manhattan Project
  • Stalin was developing his own atomic bomb as well
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38
Q

What happened to Japan when they refused to accept the Allies’ terms of surrender?

A
  • Truman dropped an atomic bomb on the island of Hiroshima on August 6, killing more than 70,000 people and tens of thousands of more due to radiation poisoning
  • On August 9, Truman dropped another atomic bomb on the city of Nagasaki, killing 40,000 people
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39
Q

How was Germany divided post-World War II?

A
  • Germany was split into 4 zones: one each for Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union and the United States
  • GB, France and USA zones were capitalist/democratic; Soviet zone was communist
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40
Q

How was Berlin divided post-World War II?

A
  • Berlin was split into 4 zones, one each for the Allied countries
  • Done in order to prevent the city from falling into Soviet control
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41
Q

Why was Austria divided?

A

Austria was divided by the Allies, as Adolf Hitler was Austrian

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42
Q

Purpose of the division of Germany

A
  • Main reason is to rehabilitate Germany
  • Government is restored, economy is restored, and the people receive welfare
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43
Q

How did Stalin react to the proposition of the uniting of the Western zones?

A

Stalin reacted poorly, and responded the Berlin Blockade (putting the entire city on lockdown and cutting off their supplies)

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44
Q

Why did Stalin block Berlin?

A
  • Taking over a capital will increase power and influence
  • Hopes that the United States will respond with an act of war, and in turn, will result in the world turning its back on them
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45
Q

How does the United States react to the Berlin Blockade?

A
  • They come up with the Berlin Airlift: airdropping supplies to the people of Berlin
  • This helps citizens get food and supplies, is seen as a peaceful and humanitarian act
  • If Stalin shoots down a plane with supplies, it will be seen as an act of war, and the world will turn its back on the Soviet Union
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46
Q

NATO

A
  • North Atlantic Treaty Organization
  • Designed to prevent European/global wars
  • Established April 1949, in Brussels, Belgium
    **French and German are the main languages spoken in Brussels - allows for communication with many other countries (similar language)
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47
Q

What does NATO do?

A

Member countries of NATO promise to fight together if one of their member countries is attacked/invaded by a foreign enemy

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48
Q

How did Stalin respond to NATO?

A
  • Stalin creates the Warsaw Pact, which applied the same concept as NATO
  • However, the Warsaw Pact does not last: NATO is still around today
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49
Q

The Warsaw Pact

A
  • The Communist and Soviet response to NATO
  • Headquarters are located in Warsaw, Poland
  • Member countries included Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Soviet Union, Poland and East Germany
50
Q

The Arms Race

A
  • The Arms Race was a time when the United States and the Soviet Union competed to get as many powerful nuclear weapons as possible.
  • 1945-1958: Dominated by the United States
  • 1959: The Soviet Union develops the ICBM (Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile), which puts them ahead
51
Q

MAD

A
  • MAD: Mutually Assured Destruction
  • The United States and the Soviet Union each attempted to be the dominating world power, but if there is no world left, there is no point
  • Used to prevent the threat of nuclear war that could’ve ended the word
52
Q

The Space Race

A
  • The Space Race was a time when the United States and the Soviet Union competed to be the first country in space, or to develop the best aerospace technologies.
  • Began in 1957, and ended in 1969 when the United States sent man to the moon
    **This era showed a great improvement in technology and the science of astronomy
53
Q

Russian Perspective on the Space Race

A
  • For a long time, the Soviet Union had been criticized for being a “backwards nation”: they had a low standard of living and low quality of life
  • The USSR wanted to prove that they were an advanced nation
  • This was done through the launch of Sputnik, the first artificial satellite, in 1952
  • Sputnik II: 1st “manned” satellite, with a dog named Laika. This marked the first living being in space
54
Q

Spying during the Cold War era

A
  • During the Cold War era, the United States and the Soviet Union used spying, or espionage, to steal and protect information from one another
  • Much of our technology comes from spied information
  • New gadgets led to modern technology
55
Q

Nuclear proliferation

A
  • When a country or countries give nuclear weapons to a country/countries without any
  • The Soviet Union gave missiles to Cuba
  • The United States gave missiles to Turkey
  • Cuba and Turkey were pointed at the USA and the USSR
56
Q

Nuclear non-proliferation

A
  • Restrictions placed on nuclear weapons, focusing on the positive use of nuclear energy, such as creating powerplants
  • Primarily involved non-aligned countries
57
Q

IAEA

A
  • IAEA: International Atomic Energy Agency
  • Subdivision of the United Nations established in 1957, during the peak of the Arms Race
  • The IAEA promotes the use of nuclear powerplants, and inspects powerplants in 185 countries
58
Q

SALT

A
  • SALT: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
  • Conducted by the United States and the Soviet Union during the 1970s, starting in 1971
  • The president of the USA at the time was Richard Nixon
  • The premier of the USSR at the time was Leonid Prezhev
  • These talks were primarily focused on reducing the number of nuclear missiles in their arsenals
59
Q

START

A
  • START: Strategic Arms Reduction Talks
  • 3 talks in 1990s between the United States and the Soviet Union (1991, 1993, 1999)
  • These talks were primarily focused on reducing the range and power of nuclear missiles in their arsenals
  • In 2010, a discussion of START began between President Obama and President Medvedev: however, nothing came from it
60
Q

Timeline of events leading up to the Cuban Missile Crisis

A
  • 1898-1906: Cuba was a part of the United States
  • 1906-1958: Cuba and the United States have a strong relationship and participate in trade and cultural exchange. Many Americans go to Cuba for vacation
  • 1959: The Cuban Revolution is led by Fidel Castro
  • 1961: The United States invades Cuba through the Bay of Pigs - failed military intervention
  • 1962: John F. Kennedy places an embargo on Cuba.
    The Soviet Union then approaches Cuba, offering to fund an engineering program (including nuclear proliferation). This would protect Cuba from any further American attack. Gave the Soviets the direct opportunity to attack the USA. The USA already had missiles in Italy and Turkey, which were both close to the USSR
61
Q

Embargo

A

Trade is shut down

62
Q

How did the USA discover the Cuban missiles from the USSR?

A
  • October 1962: The USA discover Cuban missiles through espionage
  • Low-flying U-2 aircraft took pictures of the missile silos (“flying under the radar”)
63
Q

Beginning of the Cuban Missile Crisis

A
  • Happens over a span of 13 days, from October 16-29, 1962
    The USA has three options:
  • Go to war
  • Ignore the issue
  • Reduce their amount of arms
64
Q

How was the Cuban Missile Crisis averted?

A

100 missiles are removed from Cuba, and missiles are removed from Turkey

65
Q

Black Saturday

A
  • Black Saturday was a day during the Cuban Missile Crisis where the USA and the USSR almost went to nuclear war 3 times (October 27,1962)
    1. One of the low-flying U-2s was shot down by the USSR
    2. Russian nuclear submarine was given false orders to “turn the key”, or launch their missiles. Only one person on board opposed the launch
66
Q

The start of the Chinese Civil War

A
  • Qing Dynasty: last empirical dynasty in China, ended in 1912
  • Replaced by the Republic of China, lasting from 1912-1949
  • Was not peaceful
67
Q

Nationalist Republicans

A
  • Replaced the Qing dynasty
  • Westernized government
  • Popular among urban college-educated youth
  • Moved away from traditional Chinese culture and beliefs
68
Q

Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

A
  • Opposed the Nationalists
  • Led by Mao Zedong, who came from a well-respected peasant family
  • Majority of the CCP are peasants
  • Goal is to give peasants more representation
69
Q

Chinese Civil War

A
  • Lasts from 1936-1949
  • Civil war is being fought as Japan is invading China
  • Nationalist Republican army is fighting 2 wars
70
Q

6,000 mile march

A
  • The CCP march throughout most of China and take out most nationalist establishments that are there
  • They also convince Chinese citizens to join their side
71
Q

Result of the Chinese Civil War

A
  • CCP wins over Nationalist Republicans
  • Nationalist leader Chiang Kai Shek is exiled to Taiwan
  • Mao Zedong is made leader of China
72
Q

Mao Zedong

A
  • The leader that emerged from the Chinese Communist Party after the Chinese Civil War
  • Came from a well-respected peasant family, and was an advocate for the peasants of China
  • Became the leader of China after the Nationalist Republican Party lost to the CCP in the Chinese Civil War
73
Q

Mao Zedong’s beliefs

A
  • Was a Communist, who wanted to use the cultural revolution occurring in China to lead the country towards communism.
  • Believed that the proletariat (the peasants of China) would overthrow the bourgeoise in order to end their suffering
  • Just vs. unjust wars: Zedong labels “just” wars as progressive, while he labels “unjust” wars as wars that stall progress (Little Red Book)
  • Mao felt that the individual was “subordinate to” or under the control of the larger group. He felt that the individual answered to the organization, which in turn answered to the Central Committee. (Little Red Book)
  • According to Mao, the Chinese revolution has allowed women to change their role under men in society, giving them access to jobs and education (Little Red Book)
74
Q

Mao Zedong’s People Republic

A
  • Mao Zedong’s People’s Republic was Mao’s vision of a democratic dictatorship ruling over China through him.
  • He explains that a democratic dictatorship can emerge with the leadership of the proletariat, with the rights of free speech, free elections, redress, and more being given solely to the people
75
Q

Mao Zedong’s attitude towards the Soviet Union

A
  • Mao Zedong’s attitude towards the Soviet Union is positive and grateful
  • In his speech addressing China after he came into power, he thanks leaders like Marx and Lenin and the people of the Soviet Union for bringing communism into the world
  • He is grateful for the theory of Marxism-Leninism that has been presented from the Soviet Union, as this allowed China to “see the Russians in a new light” and change the ideals of their nation
76
Q

The Great Leap Forward

A
  • Attempt in ending hunger throughout China by moving from a farming, agricultural society to an industrial society. This plan, however, failed
  • Chinese farmers and citizens were forced off of their land
  • Quotas that were created for communal farming communities failed
  • Resulted in the death of millions
77
Q

Deng Xiaoping

A

Leader who replaces Mao Zedong after his death in 1976, who begins ruling in 1981

78
Q

How did Deng Xiaoping reform the farming system in China?

A
  • Farmers now lived on leased-out land, which puts an end to communal farming
  • Farmers pay rent for the land, but own their crops. They can keep and sell any crops they like.
  • Since farmers must pay rent for their land, they have to sell a portion of their crops to make money. This system both helped keep farmers from going hungry, as well as the country altogether.
  • Creates a surplus of food in China
79
Q

How did Deng Xiaoping reform Chinese industry?

A
  • Factories now controlled what they produced and the quantity of their products
  • Economic zones of mass production are created, to which many foreign manufacturers go in and open factories
80
Q

What were the main issues with foreign manufacturers in economic zones?

A
  • Workers were not paid enough for their work.
  • Child labor was prevalent in these factories
  • Pollution became a large issue in China due to the smoke produced from the factories. This left smog in the air, making it near impossible to see the sky.
  • Workers lived below the standard of living.
81
Q

Tiananmen Square Massacre

A
  • The Tiananmen Square Massacre was a peaceful protest turned violent assault, after protestors were killed by military forces in China
  • Students were fighting for freedom of expression and the right to vote during the protest.
  • No one knows how many people were killed, although the estimates are in the hundreds
  • The Chinese government refuses to comment on the event.
82
Q

Hong Kong and the Chinese government

A
  • Hong Kong was a British territory until 1997, after it was placed back under Chinese rule
  • Hong Kong was granted specific economic status and specific political rights after the Chinese government regained control over it
  • However, in 2020, these rights started being taken away.
83
Q

When did decolonization begin?

A
  • During the aftermath of World War II, in 1945
  • The Philippines became independent in 1946, while India and Pakistan followed in 1947
  • Most Asian and African countries continued to gain independence through the next 10 years
84
Q

When and where did the Bandung Conference occur?

A

1955, in Bandung, Indonesia

85
Q

Who attended the Bandung Conference?

A

29 newly-independent nations, with Thailand and China

86
Q

Why was the Bandung Conference held?

A

To discuss common interests and concerns for newly-independent nations

87
Q

Economic control

A
  • The control and authority an imperial country has over it’s colony’s economy and wealth
  • Examples include the control of crop growth, reliance on trade and exploiting farmers for cash crops
88
Q

Intellectual control

A
  • The control an imperial country has over it’s colony’s education and intellect
  • Examples include the access citizens have to schools or universities and the control and promotion of Western ideas and religions.
89
Q

Physical control

A
  • The control an imperial country has over it’s colony’s citizens and borders
  • Examples include redrawing border lines to satisfy the imperial country’s needs
90
Q

The aftermath of colonialism

A
  • Many colonized countries struggled to rebuild themselves, as they had only been colonized to be exploited for their resources
  • As a result, public works like schools were not developed, leading to a lack of education among citizens
  • Additionally, imperial countries often redrew boundaries within a colony, often grouping together different ethnic or religious groups
  • This led to tension and violence between these groups once their imperial country left.
91
Q

Indonesia’s colonization

A
  • Country that hosted the Bandung Conference
  • Settled by the Netherlands
  • Invaded by Japan during WW2
  • Governments of Japan and Indonesia created an alliance
  • Sukarno: 1st Indonesian to become leader of Indonesia
92
Q

Background of Ghana’s colonization

A
  • Colonized by the British
  • Ghana was very heavily enslaved, with its people being sent to Europe and the New World
  • Heavily mined for gold
93
Q

Ghana’s people and environment

A
  • Many Ghanans had to work in mines
  • Urbanized
  • Landscape and environment are negatively affected by pollution
94
Q

Ghana’s “independence”

A
  • Granted independence in 1957
  • Ghana is made a dominion of the British empire
  • Had English (white) governors
  • Queen Elizabeth II is made Queen of Ghana
  • Parliament
  • Real independence is gained in 1960
95
Q

Background of India’s colonization

A
  • Colonized by Britain
  • Considered the “crown jewel” of the British empire
  • Main crops were cotton, cashmere, and spices
96
Q

Leaders of India’s decolonization

A

Gandhi:
- Hindu, Pacifist British-educated lawyer
- Practiced law in India and South Africa
Jawaharlal Nehru:
- Hindu, Humanist British-educated lawyer
- Focused on the equality and power of mankind
Mohammed Ali Jinnah:
- Muslim
- Proposed the division of the British Raj

97
Q

Fates of India’s decolonization leaders

A
  • Gandhi: Assassinated by a Hindu nationalist
  • Nehru: 1st prime minister of India
  • Jinnah: 1st leader of independent Pakistan
98
Q

Division of the British Raj

A
  • West Pakistan: Muslim
  • India: Hindu
  • East Pakistan (later Bangladesh): Muslim
99
Q

Background of South Africa’s colonization

A
  • 3 main groups lived in South Africa
    Indigenous black tribes:
  • Were primarily farming-based and hunter-gatherers
  • Bushmen, Hottentots, Zulus
    Dutch colonizers:
  • Focused on farming
  • Spoke Dutch and Afrikaans
  • Practiced Protestant Christianity and Dutch Reform (Calvinist)
    English colonizers:
  • Focused on mining for diamonds
  • Spoke English
  • Practiced Anglicanism, Methodism, and Baptists
100
Q

South Africa after independence

A
  • Liberated from British rule
  • Instituted Apartheid, or segregation. This system favored the Dutch White population
101
Q

Background of Ireland’s colonization

A
  • Ruled by Great Britain since 1167
  • British rule ended in most of Ireland in 1923
  • Northern Ireland is still under British rule
102
Q

Irish populations

A
  • Native Irish (Gaelic Irish): Majority population that is predominantly Roman Catholic and speaks Irish Gaelic
  • Anglo-Irish (English ancestry): Minority population that is predominantly Anglican and speaks English
  • Ulster-Scots (Scottish ancestry): Minority population that makes up 50% of Northern Ireland that is predominantly Calvinist and speaks English (formerly Scottish Gaelic)
103
Q

Easter Rising

A
  • Occurred in 1916
  • Irish Catholics took over Dublin
  • The rising was led by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) by James Connelly and Patrick Pearce. They were later caught and executed
104
Q

Irish Civil War

A
  • Occurred from 1917-1922
  • The IRA was fighting against the British army (Blacks & Tans)
  • The war ended with the Partition of Ireland
    6 counties are kept under British rule in the North, and the capital is named as Belfast
105
Q

The Troubles

A
  • Occurred from 1923-1998
  • Consisted of violent terrorist attacks to free or protect - Northern Ireland
  • The 2 groups were the IRA (fighting to free Northern Ireland), and the Orangemen (in favor of British rule)
    The Good Friday Agreement ends The Troubles in 1998
106
Q

Sinn Fein

A
  • Political party in Northern Ireland, the peaceful faction of the IRA
  • Members of the party are elected to Parliament
  • Pro-Catholic
  • Want independence for Northern Ireland
  • Want to restore the Gaelic language
107
Q

Eamon de Valera

A
  • Born in New York City, with a Spanish father and Irish mother
  • Drafted the Irish Constitution in 1937
  • Considered the founder of the modern Irish republic
108
Q

Who planned and funded the 9/11 attacks?

A

Al-Qaeda and Osama bin Laden

109
Q

What was the goal of the 9/11 attacks?

A

Intended to destroy the American economy and spread radical Islamic ideology

110
Q

What were the 3 targets of 9/11?

A
  • World Trade Center
  • The Pentagon
  • U.S. Capitol Building
111
Q

The World Trade Center

A
  • Destroyed by 2 planes
  • Economic center of the United States
112
Q

The Pentagon

A
  • Destroyed only one of the exterior walls of the building
  • Military headquarters of the United States
113
Q

U.S. Capitol Building

A
  • The attack failed - the passengers realized what was happening, took over the plane, and crashed it into rural Pennsylvania
  • Meeting house for Congress
114
Q

What was the aftermath of 9/11?

A
  • Airport security is made stricter and is ran by the government
  • Increase in patriotism
  • Economy does the opposite of al-Qaeda’s intent: economy does better
  • Declaration of the War on Terror - still ongoing: Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, and domestic war (United States)
115
Q

Overview of Afghanistan

A
  • Country in the Middle East - in between Iran and Pakistan
  • Muslim majority (99%) with Sunni majority and Shia minority
  • Was never colonized - attempts made by Britain in the 1800s and the Soviet Union in the 1980s
  • Reasoning: One of the most resource-rich countries
116
Q

How did the United States stop the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan?

A
  • The USA used the Theory of Containment to stop the attack
  • Used Afghan militias to fight against the USSR
    USA trained these militias and supplied them with weapons
  • The militias eventually united into one group, now known as the Taliban
117
Q

The Taliban

A
  • Radical Islamic group whose main goal is to take over Afghanistan and create an Islamic state there
  • Took over the capital city of Kabul in 1996 - successfully created an Islamic state
  • Osama bin Laden was hidden by the Taliban, making them a US enemy
118
Q

When and why did the United States invade and leave Afghanistan?

A
  • The US invaded Afghanistan in 2001, following the 9/11 attacks
  • This toppled the Taliban’s government
  • The US left Afghanistan in 2021, and the Taliban took over the country almost immediately afterward
119
Q

Al-Qaeda

A

About:
- Radical Islamic terror organization
- Main goal is to create a world-wide caliphate, or a Muslim government that takes control of the whole world
Structure:
- Very well-organized
- Chain of command and ranked leadership
- Wealthy due to Osama bin Laden
Methods:
- Send warning videos
- Use many explosives/IEDs

120
Q

ISIS

A

About:
- ISIS: Islamic State of Iran and Syria
- Also known as ISIL (Islamic State of Iran and the Levant)
- Want to create a world-wide caliphate
Structure:
- Not very well-organized
- Young men all fighting one another for power
- No detailed goal
- No steady or legal source of income
Methods:
- Propaganda and execution videos
- Use many explosives/IEDs
- Perform mass shootings

Global Studies Honors (18 decks)

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