SEMEN Flashcards
Site of spermatogenesis
Seminiferous tubules
Nurse cells for developing sperms
Sertoli
Site of maturation where they become motile
Epididymis
Propel sperm to ejaculatory ducts
Vas (ductus) deferens
Spermatogenesis and sperm maturation take ___ days or ____ days
90 days / 74 days
5% composition of semen
Spermatozoa
Bulbourethral gland
Stages of sperm maturation
Spermatogonium
Primary spermatocyte
Secondary spermatocytes
Spermatid
Spermatozoon
Counts for the 60-70% semen composition
Seminal fluid
Provides nutrients for sperm and fluid
Seminal vesicles
Seminal vesicle secretions are rich in _____ that vital for sperm motility
Fructose
Counts for the 20-30% semen composition
Prostate fluid
Acidic fluid that contains ACP, zinc, citric acid and other enzymes
Prostate fluid
Semen composition for coagulation and liquefaction
Prostate fluid
Secretes thick alkaline mucus
Bulbourethral gland
Neutralizes acidity from the prostatic secretions and vagina
Bulbourethral gland
Upon spx collection, abstinence _____ days is required
2-7 days
WHO recommends that ____ or ____ specimens be collected not ______ days or more ____ weeks apart, with ___ abnormal specimens considered significant
2 or 3 days ; not less than 7 days ; 3 weeks ; 2 abnormal spx
Collect the _____ ejaculate
Entire
If first portion is missing
Decreased sperm count
Increased pH
Specimen will not liquefy
If last portion is missing
Increased sperm count
Decreased pH
Specimen will not clot
Semen should be delivered to the lab within ____ hour of collection at _____ (temp)
1 hour at room temp
Semen analysis should be done after _______ ( usually _____ mins)
Liquefaction ; 30-60 mins
It semen fails to liquefy, treat with ____, _____, _____, _____, to break up mucus
Amylase
Bromelain
A-chymotrypsin
DPBS
Specimen should be kept at what temp
37 deg c
Normal color of semen ____ due to ____
Gray white, translucent ; flavin
Increased white turbidity is due to _____
Infection (WBCs)
Red brown coloration due to ___
Increased RBCs, blood
Normal volume of semen
2-5 mL
Semen pours in droplets significance
Normal
> 2 cm semen threads significance
Abnormal
Semen Viscosity : 0
Watery
Semen viscosity : 4+
Gel-like
Semen normal pH
7.2-8.0
Sperm concentration normal value
> 20 million sperms/mL
Dilution for improved Neubauer Counting Chamber
1:20
Diluents used for sperm immobilization
Cold tap water
Formalin / sodium bicarbonate
Saline
Distilled water
Counting chamber used for undiluted specimen
Mailer counting chamber
A sperm counting chamber that uses heat to immobilize sperm
Makler counting chamber
Both sides of the hemocytometer are loaded and allowed to settle for ____ mins, then they are counted, and the counts should agree within _____ %
3-5 mins ; 10 %
SPERM CONCENTRATION COMPUTATION:
2 WBC squares = # sperms counted x _____
100,000
SPERM CONCENTRATION COMPUTATION:
5 WBC squares = # sperms counted x _____
1,000,000
Sperm count normal value
40 million or more per ejaculation
Sperm count formula
Sperm concentration x specimen volume
To observe sperm motility , allow to settle it for ____ min and observe in _____
1 min ; 20 HPF
Normal sperm motility
> 50% motile within 1 hr
Normal sperm motility quality
2.0 or more
SPERM MOTILITY GRADING : 4.0 a
Rapid straight-line motility
SPERM MOTILITY GRADING : 3.0 b
Slower speed, some lateral movement
SPERM MOTILITY GRADING : 2.0 b
Slow forward progression, noticeable lateral movement
SPERM MOTILITY GRADING : 1.0 c
No forward progression
Sperm moving LNEARLY or in a large circle
Progressive motility
Sperm moving with an ABSENCE of progression
Nonprogressive motility
Determines sperm concentration, morphology, VELOCITY AND TRAJECTORY (direction of motion)
Computer assisted semen analysis (CASA)
Sperm morphology : ROUTINE CRITERIA ___
30% normal forms
Sperm morphology : Kruger’s strict criteria
> 14% normal forms
It measures the head, neck, tail, using a micrometer or morphometry
Kruger’s strict criteria
Angle used for sperm morphology smear
45 degrees
Stains for sperm morphology
Papanicolaou’s stain
Wright’s stain
Giemsa stain
Short stain
Normal sperm head shape
Oval
Abnormal sperm head
Poor ovum penetration
Part of sperm that contains mitochondria
Midpiece
Sperm head width
3 um
Sperm head length
5 um
Midpiece length
7 um
Acrosomal cap:
____ of the head
____ of nucleus
1/2
2/3
Sperm tail length
45 um
Hardening of veins that drain testes
Varicocele
Most common cause of male infertility
Varicocele
Sperm head in Varicocele
Tapered
Sperm viability : tested within 1 hour of ejaculation
Modified Blom’s test
Reagents for modified blom’s test
Eosin and nigrosin
Color of dead sperm modified bloms test
Red
Color of living sperm in modified bloms test
Unstained, bluish white
Seminal fluid fructose must be tested within _____ or ________ to prevent fructolysis
2 hours ; frozen
Screening test for seminal fluid fructose
Resorcinol test or Seliwanoff test
Resorcinol is also known as
Seliwanoff’s test
Seliwanoff’s test positive result
ORANGE-red color
Normal value of neutral a-glucosidase
20 mU or more / ejaculate
Decreased a-glucosidase indicates
Epididymis disorder
Causes sperm agglutination; detected in semen, cervical mucosa or serum
Anti sperm antibodies
Immunobead test detects the presence of these immunoglobulins
IgG, IgM, and IgA
Round cells that are differentiated using peroxidase
WBC and spermatids
Immature sperm cells (Rounded)
Spermatid
More specific method to detect semen
Glycoprotein p30 aka PSA
Also known as PSA
Glycoprotein p30
A nonspecific test for choline for semen detection
Florence test
Florence test reagent
Iodine crystals
POTASSIUM IODIDE
A very specific test for spermine
Barbiero’s test
Barbieros test reagent
Saturated picric acid + trichloroacetic acid
Florence test positive result
Dark brown rhombic crystals
Barbiero’s test positive result
Yellow leaf-like crystals
Following vasectomy, this is tested in which it should be zero within 12 weeks after surgery
Sperm count
Post vasectomy semen analysis is done after ____
2 months
EOSIN NIGROSIN STAIN : Abnormal result
Decreased motility with normal count
EOSIN NIGROSIN STAIN : possible abnormality
Vitality
FRUCTOSE LEVEL: abnormal result
Decreased count
MAR & immunoobead tests
Sperm agglutination with Male serum : abnormal result
Decreased motility with clumping
MAR & immunoobead tests
Sperm agglutination with Male serum : possible abnormality
Male anti sperm antibodies
Sperm agglutination with female serum: abnormal result
Normal analysis with continued infertility
Sperms are incubated with species non specific I hamster eggs and penetration is observed microscopically
Hamster egg penetration
Evaluation of the acrosome to produce enzymes essential for ovum penetration
In vitro acrosome reaction
Hormones that stimulate spermatogenesis
Follicle stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Cells that secrete testosterone
Leydig cells
Cells that secrete inhibin
Serotoli cells
Motile sperm can be detected up to ____ hours after intercourse, whereas nonmotile sperm can persist for ____ days
24 hours ; 3 days
As the sperm die off, only the ____ remain and may be present ____ days after the intercourse
Heads ; 7 days