CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE Flashcards
1
Q
urine parameter : 30 secs
A
glucose
bilirubin
2
Q
urine parameter : 40 secs
A
ketones
3
Q
urine parameter : 45 secs
A
specific gravity
4
Q
urine parameter : 60 secs
A
protein
pH
blood
urobilinogen
nitrite
5
Q
urine parameter : 120 secs
A
leukocyte esterase
6
Q
parameter principle : double sequential enzyme reaction
A
glucose
7
Q
parameter principle : diazo reaction
A
bilirubin
8
Q
parameter principle : pKa change of a polyelectrolyte
A
specific gravity
9
Q
parameter principle : protein (sorensen’s) error of indicators
A
protein
10
Q
parameter principle : double indicator system
A
pH
11
Q
parameter principle : pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin
A
blood
12
Q
parameter principle : erlich reaction
A
urobilinogen
13
Q
parameter principle : Greiss reaction
A
nitrite
14
Q
parameter principle : leukocyte esterase
A
leukocytes
15
Q
paramater positive color: bilirubin
A
pink to violet
16
Q
parameter positive color : ketones
A
purple
17
Q
parameter positive color : blood
A
uniform green/blue (hgb/myo)
18
Q
parameter positive color : nitrite
A
uniform pink
19
Q
parameter positive color : leukocytes
A
purple
20
Q
parameter reagents
MS: 2,4-DICHLOROANILINE DIAZONIUM SALT
CS: 2,6-DICHLOROBENZENE DIAZONIUM SALT
A
bilirubin
21
Q
parameter reagents : sodium nitroprusside
A
ketone
22
Q
parameter reagents
MS: poly bromthymol
CS: ethyl bromthymol
A
specific gravity
23
Q
parameter reagents
MS: tetrabrom
CS: tetrachloro
A
protein
24
Q
protein buffer and pH
A
citrate buffer at pH 3.0
25
parameter reagents
MS: disopropyl benzene
CS: dimethyl hexane
blood
26
parameter reagents
MS: PDAB
CS: 4-methoxybenzene
urobilinogen
27
parameter reagents
MS: ARSINILIC
CS: sulfonamide
nitrite
28
parameter reagents
MS:
CS: INDOXYCARBONIC ACID ESTER
leukocyte
29
chemstrip sensitivity : protein
diascreen : 5 mg/dL
30
multistix sensitivity : glucose
100 mg/dL
31
multistix sensitivity : bilirubin
0.4 to. 0.8 mg/dL
32
multistix sensitivity : SG
1.000 to 1.030
33
chemstrip sensitivity : SG
1.000 to 1.030
34
automated reagent strip reader principle
reflectance photometry
35
SG hyposthenuria
<1.010
36
random urine SG
1.003-1.035
37
if SG is <1.003, it is considered
not urine
38
calibration temp for urinometer/hydrometer
20 deg c
39
temperature correction for every 3 deg C that the specimen temp is BELOW the calibration temp
-0.001
40
temperature correction for every 3 deg C that the specimen temp is ABOVE the calibration temp
+0.001
41
URINOMETER : correction for glucose
1 g/dL = -0.004
42
URINOMETER : correction for protein
-0.003
43
an indirect method based on refractive index
refractometry (total solids meter)
44
REFRACTOMETRY: formula for RI
RI = light velocity in air / light velocity in solution
45
REFRACTOMETRY : DISTILLED / DEIONIZED WATER
1.000
46
REFRACTOMETRY : 3% NaCl
1.015 +/- 0.001
47
REFRACTOMETRY : 5% NaCl
1.022 +/- 0.001
48
REFRACTOMETRY : 9% sucrose
1.034 +/- 0.001
49
both refractometer and urinometer require corrections for glucose and protein ( T/F)
true
50
based on frequency of sound waves entering a solution
harmonic oscillation densitometry
51
harmonic oscillation densitometry example
IRIS ( international remote imaging system)
52
IRIS diagnostics : urine volume
6 ml
53
urine volume for IRIS SLIDELESS MICROSCOPE
4 mL
54
urine volume for IRIS MASS GRAVITY METER
2mL
55
normal random urine pH
4.5 - 8.0
56
paramter used for the identification of crystals
pH
57
produces white foam in urine
protein
58
normal urinary protein
<150 mg/dL
59
protein present in multiple myeloma
bence jones proteins
60
proliferation of Ig producing plasma cells
multiple myeloma
61
bence jones proteins precipitate at what temp
40-60 deg c
62
bence jones proteins dissolve at what temp
100 deg c
63
indicator of diabetic nephropathy
microalbuminuria
64
normal albumin excretion rate
0-20 ug/min
65
micral test principle
enzyme immunoassay
66
in orthostatic proteinuria, patient must ____
empty the bladder before going to bed
67
other cause of glomerular proteinuria
pre eclampsia
68
sudden spike in bp of pregnant woman
pre eclampsia
69
protein strip is SENSITIVE to
ALBUMIN
70
high SG may cause false positive with what parameter
protein
71
a cold precipitation test that reacts EQUALLY with all forms of protein
sulfosalicylic acid precipitation test ( aka EXTONS TEST)
72
causes of false positive in glucose parameter
oxidizing agents, detergents
73
causes of false negative in glucose parameter
temperature
74
cause of false positive in urobilinogen measurement
p-Aminosalisylic acid
75
cause of false negative in urobilinogen measurement
formalin
76
cause of false positive in nitrite measurement
improperly preserved specimen
77
cause of false negative in nitrite measurement
nonreducatase containing bacteria, large quantities of bacteria converting nitrite to nitrogen, high SG
78
cause of false positive in leukocytes measurement
formalin, trichomonas
79
cause of false negative in leukocyte measurement
ascorbic acid, proteins, gentamicin, cephalosphorins, tetracyclines
80
SULFOSALICYLIC ACID PRECIPITATION TEST TURBIDITY GRADE ; distinct turbidity with no granulation
1+
81
SULFOSALICYLIC ACID PRECIPITATION TEST TURBIDITY GRADE ; turbidity with granulation but NO flocculation
2+
82
SULFOSALICYLIC ACID PRECIPITATION TEST TURBIDITY GRADE ; turbidity with granulation and flocculation
3+
83
SULFOSALICYLIC ACID PRECIPITATION TEST TURBIDITY GRADE ; 1+ - range
30-100 mg/dL or approx 50 mg/dL
84
SULFOSALICYLIC ACID PRECIPITATION TEST TURBIDITY GRADE ; 2+ - range
100-200 mg/dL
85
SSA REACTION INTERFERENCES : false positive
radiographic contrast media , tolbutamide, penicillins
86
albumin excretion rate : normal
0-20 ug/min
87
albumin excretion rate : microalbuminuria
20-200 ug/min
88
albumin excretion rate : clinical albuminuria
>300 mg/day
89
nonspecific test for reducing sugars
copper reduction test
90
BENEDICTS TEST : 1+
green color , green or yellow precipitate
91
BENEDICTS TEST : 3+
yellow orange color , yellow orange precipitate
92
BENEDICTS TEST : Trace
bluish green color
93
BENEDICTS TEST : 4+
reddish yellow, brick red or red precipitate
94
false positive benedict test cause
reducing agents (ascorbic acid, uric acid)
95
false negative benedict test cause
oxidizing agents ( detergents)
96
clinitest tablet : main reacting agent
copper sulfate (CuSo4)
97
clinitest tablet : removes intefering room air
NaCo3
98
clinitest tablet : for heat production
sodium citrate
sodium hydroxide
99
used to prevent pass through phenomenon
2 gtts urine
100
result from increased incomplete fat metabolism due to inability to metabolize carbohydrates
ketones
101
major ketone but not detected in routine reagent strip
beta-hydroxybutyric acid
102
beta-hydroxybutyric acid percent concentration
78%
103
parent ketone (1st ketone body formed)
acetoacetic acid (AAA)
104
acetoacetic acid percent concentration
20%
105
acetone percent concentration
2%
106
toxic to renal tubules
heme portions of hemoglobin and myoglobin
107
myoglobinuria is seen in
cholesterol-lowering statin medications
108
volume of myoglobin to produce red urine
>25 mg/dL
109
conjugated bilirubin is soluble to
water
110
tea-colored/ amber/ beer brown urine with yellow foam
bilirubin
111
ictotest positive color
blue
112
normal value of urobilinogen
<1 mg/dL or erlich unit
113
urobilinogen specimen
afternoon (2-4pm)
114
inverse erlich reaction
hoesch test
115
rapid test for porphobilinogen
hoesch test
116
nitrite converter are generally what family of bacteria
gram negative bacilli - enterobacteriaceae
117
nitrite specimen
- 4 hr urine
- first morning collection (preferred)
118
strong reducing agent
ascorbic acid
119
interferes with reagent strip that uses hydrogen peroxide or diazonium salt
ascorbic acid
120
ascorbic acid + phosphomolybdate ——-> molybdenum blue
11th REAGENT PAD
121
causes of false negative rxn in ascorbic acid measurement
“BB LNG”
blood
bilirubin
leukocytes
nitrite
glucose
122
C-STIX reading time
60 secs
123
STIX reading time
60 secs
124
more accurate quantitative method of ascorbic acid measurement
GC-MS
