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CLINICAL MICROSCOPY > CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE > Flashcards

CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE Flashcards

1
Q

urine parameter : 30 secs

A

glucose
bilirubin

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2
Q

urine parameter : 40 secs

A

ketones

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3
Q

urine parameter : 45 secs

A

specific gravity

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4
Q

urine parameter : 60 secs

A

protein
pH
blood
urobilinogen
nitrite

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5
Q

urine parameter : 120 secs

A

leukocyte esterase

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6
Q

parameter principle : double sequential enzyme reaction

A

glucose

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7
Q

parameter principle : diazo reaction

A

bilirubin

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8
Q

parameter principle : pKa change of a polyelectrolyte

A

specific gravity

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9
Q

parameter principle : protein (sorensen’s) error of indicators

A

protein

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10
Q

parameter principle : double indicator system

A

pH

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11
Q

parameter principle : pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin

A

blood

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12
Q

parameter principle : erlich reaction

A

urobilinogen

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13
Q

parameter principle : Greiss reaction

A

nitrite

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14
Q

parameter principle : leukocyte esterase

A

leukocytes

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15
Q

paramater positive color: bilirubin

A

pink to violet

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16
Q

parameter positive color : ketones

A

purple

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17
Q

parameter positive color : blood

A

uniform green/blue (hgb/myo)

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18
Q

parameter positive color : nitrite

A

uniform pink

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19
Q

parameter positive color : leukocytes

A

purple

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20
Q

parameter reagents

MS: 2,4-DICHLOROANILINE DIAZONIUM SALT
CS: 2,6-DICHLOROBENZENE DIAZONIUM SALT

A

bilirubin

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21
Q

parameter reagents : sodium nitroprusside

A

ketone

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22
Q

parameter reagents

MS: poly bromthymol
CS: ethyl bromthymol

A

specific gravity

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23
Q

parameter reagents

MS: tetrabrom
CS: tetrachloro

A

protein

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24
Q

protein buffer and pH

A

citrate buffer at pH 3.0

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25
Q

parameter reagents

MS: disopropyl benzene
CS: dimethyl hexane

A

blood

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26
Q

parameter reagents

MS: PDAB
CS: 4-methoxybenzene

A

urobilinogen

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27
Q

parameter reagents

MS: ARSINILIC
CS: sulfonamide

A

nitrite

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28
Q

parameter reagents

MS:
CS: INDOXYCARBONIC ACID ESTER

A

leukocyte

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29
Q

chemstrip sensitivity : protein

A

diascreen : 5 mg/dL

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30
Q

multistix sensitivity : glucose

A

100 mg/dL

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31
Q

multistix sensitivity : bilirubin

A

0.4 to. 0.8 mg/dL

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32
Q

multistix sensitivity : SG

A

1.000 to 1.030

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33
Q

chemstrip sensitivity : SG

A

1.000 to 1.030

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34
Q

automated reagent strip reader principle

A

reflectance photometry

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35
Q

SG hyposthenuria

A

<1.010

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36
Q

random urine SG

A

1.003-1.035

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37
Q

if SG is <1.003, it is considered

A

not urine

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38
Q

calibration temp for urinometer/hydrometer

A

20 deg c

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39
Q

temperature correction for every 3 deg C that the specimen temp is BELOW the calibration temp

A

-0.001

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40
Q

temperature correction for every 3 deg C that the specimen temp is ABOVE the calibration temp

A

+0.001

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41
Q

URINOMETER : correction for glucose

A

1 g/dL = -0.004

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42
Q

URINOMETER : correction for protein

A

-0.003

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43
Q

an indirect method based on refractive index

A

refractometry (total solids meter)

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44
Q

REFRACTOMETRY: formula for RI

A

RI = light velocity in air / light velocity in solution

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45
Q

REFRACTOMETRY : DISTILLED / DEIONIZED WATER

A

1.000

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46
Q

REFRACTOMETRY : 3% NaCl

A

1.015 +/- 0.001

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47
Q

REFRACTOMETRY : 5% NaCl

A

1.022 +/- 0.001

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48
Q

REFRACTOMETRY : 9% sucrose

A

1.034 +/- 0.001

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49
Q

both refractometer and urinometer require corrections for glucose and protein ( T/F)

A

true

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50
Q

based on frequency of sound waves entering a solution

A

harmonic oscillation densitometry

51
Q

harmonic oscillation densitometry example

A

IRIS ( international remote imaging system)

52
Q

IRIS diagnostics : urine volume

A

6 ml

53
Q

urine volume for IRIS SLIDELESS MICROSCOPE

A

4 mL

54
Q

urine volume for IRIS MASS GRAVITY METER

A

2mL

55
Q

normal random urine pH

A

4.5 - 8.0

56
Q

paramter used for the identification of crystals

A

pH

57
Q

produces white foam in urine

A

protein

58
Q

normal urinary protein

A

<150 mg/dL

59
Q

protein present in multiple myeloma

A

bence jones proteins

60
Q

proliferation of Ig producing plasma cells

A

multiple myeloma

61
Q

bence jones proteins precipitate at what temp

A

40-60 deg c

62
Q

bence jones proteins dissolve at what temp

A

100 deg c

63
Q

indicator of diabetic nephropathy

A

microalbuminuria

64
Q

normal albumin excretion rate

A

0-20 ug/min

65
Q

micral test principle

A

enzyme immunoassay

66
Q

in orthostatic proteinuria, patient must ____

A

empty the bladder before going to bed

67
Q

other cause of glomerular proteinuria

A

pre eclampsia

68
Q

sudden spike in bp of pregnant woman

A

pre eclampsia

69
Q

protein strip is SENSITIVE to

A

ALBUMIN

70
Q

high SG may cause false positive with what parameter

A

protein

71
Q

a cold precipitation test that reacts EQUALLY with all forms of protein

A

sulfosalicylic acid precipitation test ( aka EXTONS TEST)

72
Q

causes of false positive in glucose parameter

A

oxidizing agents, detergents

73
Q

causes of false negative in glucose parameter

A

temperature

74
Q

cause of false positive in urobilinogen measurement

A

p-Aminosalisylic acid

75
Q

cause of false negative in urobilinogen measurement

A

formalin

76
Q

cause of false positive in nitrite measurement

A

improperly preserved specimen

77
Q

cause of false negative in nitrite measurement

A

nonreducatase containing bacteria, large quantities of bacteria converting nitrite to nitrogen, high SG

78
Q

cause of false positive in leukocytes measurement

A

formalin, trichomonas

79
Q

cause of false negative in leukocyte measurement

A

ascorbic acid, proteins, gentamicin, cephalosphorins, tetracyclines

80
Q

SULFOSALICYLIC ACID PRECIPITATION TEST TURBIDITY GRADE ; distinct turbidity with no granulation

A

1+

81
Q

SULFOSALICYLIC ACID PRECIPITATION TEST TURBIDITY GRADE ; turbidity with granulation but NO flocculation

A

2+

82
Q

SULFOSALICYLIC ACID PRECIPITATION TEST TURBIDITY GRADE ; turbidity with granulation and flocculation

A

3+

83
Q

SULFOSALICYLIC ACID PRECIPITATION TEST TURBIDITY GRADE ; 1+ - range

A

30-100 mg/dL or approx 50 mg/dL

84
Q

SULFOSALICYLIC ACID PRECIPITATION TEST TURBIDITY GRADE ; 2+ - range

A

100-200 mg/dL

85
Q

SSA REACTION INTERFERENCES : false positive

A

radiographic contrast media , tolbutamide, penicillins

86
Q

albumin excretion rate : normal

A

0-20 ug/min

87
Q

albumin excretion rate : microalbuminuria

A

20-200 ug/min

88
Q

albumin excretion rate : clinical albuminuria

A

> 300 mg/day

89
Q

nonspecific test for reducing sugars

A

copper reduction test

90
Q

BENEDICTS TEST : 1+

A

green color , green or yellow precipitate

91
Q

BENEDICTS TEST : 3+

A

yellow orange color , yellow orange precipitate

92
Q

BENEDICTS TEST : Trace

A

bluish green color

93
Q

BENEDICTS TEST : 4+

A

reddish yellow, brick red or red precipitate

94
Q

false positive benedict test cause

A

reducing agents (ascorbic acid, uric acid)

95
Q

false negative benedict test cause

A

oxidizing agents ( detergents)

96
Q

clinitest tablet : main reacting agent

A

copper sulfate (CuSo4)

97
Q

clinitest tablet : removes intefering room air

A

NaCo3

98
Q

clinitest tablet : for heat production

A

sodium citrate
sodium hydroxide

99
Q

used to prevent pass through phenomenon

A

2 gtts urine

100
Q

result form increased incomplete fat metabolism die to inability to metabolize carbohydrates

A

ketones

101
Q

major ketone but not detected in routine reagent strip

A

beta-hydroxybutyric acid

102
Q

beta-hydroxybutyric acid percent concentration

A

78%

103
Q

parent ketone (1st ketone body formed)

A

acetoacetic acid (AAA)

104
Q

acetoacetic acid percent concentration

A

20%

105
Q

acetone percent concentration

A

2%

106
Q

toxic to renal tubules

A

heme portions of hemoglobin and myoglobin

107
Q

myoglobinuria is seen in

A

cholesterol-lowering statin medications

108
Q

volume of myoglobin to produce red urine

A

> 25 mg/dL

109
Q

conjugated bilirubin is soluble to

A

water

110
Q

tea-colored/ amber/ beer brown urine with yellow foam

A

bilirubin

111
Q

ictotest positive color

A

blue

112
Q

normal value of urobilinogen

A

<1 mg/dL or erlich unit

113
Q

urobilinogen specimen

A

afternoon (2-4pm)

114
Q

inverse erlich reaction

A

hoesch test

115
Q

rapid test for porphobilinogen

A

hoesch test

116
Q

nitrite converter are generally what family of bacteria

A

gram negative bacilli - enterobacteriaceae

117
Q

nitrite specimen

A

4 hr urine first morning collection

118
Q

strong reducing agent

A

ascorbic acid

119
Q

interferes with reagent strip that uses hydrogen peroxide or diazonium salt

A

ascorbic acid

120
Q

ascorbic acid + phosphomolybdate ——-> molybdenum blue

A

11th REAGENT PAD

121
Q

causes of false negative rxn in ascorbic acid measurmeent

A

blood
bilirubin
leukocytes
nitrite
glucose

122
Q

C-STIX reading time

A

60 secs

123
Q

STIX reading time

A

10 secs

124
Q

more accurate quantitative method of ascorbic acid measurement

A

GC-MS

CLINICAL MICROSCOPY (6 decks)

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