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CLINICAL MICROSCOPY > FECALYSIS > Flashcards

FECALYSIS Flashcards

1
Q

Around ______ grams of stool is passed per day

A

100-200 g

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2
Q

Color stool with upper GI bleeding, iron, charcoal, and bismuth

A

Black

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3
Q

“Melena”

A

Black stool

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4
Q

Stool color with Lower GI bleeding

A

Red

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5
Q

“Hematochezia”

A

Red stool

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6
Q

Stool color with bile duct obstruction, barium sulfate

A

Pale yellow, white, gray (alcoholic)

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7
Q

Stool appearance with Pancreatic disorders

A

FROTHY/bulky

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8
Q

Stool appearance with intestinal obstruction

A

Slender, ribbon/NOODLE-LIKE

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9
Q

Stool appearance with cholera

A

Rice watery

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10
Q

Stool appearance with typhoid

A

Pea soup

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11
Q

BRISTOL STOOL CHART: Separate hard lumps like nuts (hard to pass)

A

Type 1

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12
Q

BRISTOL STOOL CHART: sausage shaped but lumpy

A

Type 2

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13
Q

BRISTOL STOOL CHART: sausage like but with cracks

A

Type 3

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14
Q

BRISTOL STOOL CHART: sausage like or snake, smooth and soft

A

Type 4

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15
Q

BRISTOL STOOL CHART: soft blob with clear cut edges (passed easily)

A

Type 5

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16
Q

BRISTOL STOOL CHART:
Fluffy pieces with ragged edges, a mushy stool

A

Type 6

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17
Q

BRISTOL STOOL CHART: watery, no solid pieces, entirely liquid

A

Type 7

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18
Q

Increased fats in stool

A

Steatorrhea

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19
Q

Increased fats in stool per day _____ grams

A

> 6 grams

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20
Q

Definitive test for steatorrhea

A

Fecal fat. Determination

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21
Q

Neutral fat stain - stain what fat

A

Triglycerides

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22
Q

What is added to stool suspension in neutral fat stain

A

95% ethanol + Sudan III

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23
Q

Stain color of fat droplets in neutral fat stain and spit fat stain

A

Orange droplets

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24
Q

Amount of fat droplets indicative of steatorrhea

A

60 or more droplets/HPF

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25
Q

Split fat stain —- stain what fat

A

Fatty acids

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26
Q

What is being added to emulsified stool in split fat stain

A

36% acetic acid + Sudan III

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27
Q

quantitative fecal fat tests

A

Van de Kramer titration
Acid steatocrit
Hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

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28
Q

Gold standard for fecal fat determination

A

Van de Kramer

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29
Q

For definitive diagnosis of steatorrhea

A

Van de Kramer titration

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30
Q

A quantitative fecal fat test that involves the titration of NaOH

A

Van de Kramer titration

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31
Q

Rapid test to estimate the amount of fat excretion (similar to microhematocrit test)

A

Acid steatocrit

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32
Q

A quantitative fecal fat test in which sample is microwaved dried and analyzed

A

Hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

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33
Q

Abnormal excretion of muscle fibers in feces

A

Creatorrhea

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34
Q

This is added to emulsified stool for creatorrhea determination

A

10% eosin

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35
Q

MUSCLE FIBER: Completely digested

A

No striations

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36
Q

MUSCLE FIBER: striations in one direction

A

Partially digested

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37
Q

MUSCLE FIBER: striations in both directions

A

Undigested

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38
Q

Count of Undigested muscle fibers considered abnormal

A

> 10

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39
Q

> 10 Undigested muscle fibers are seen in what conditions

A

Biliary obstruction
Cystic fibrosis

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40
Q

Neutrophil count in invasive condition

A

3 or greater neutrophil/HPF

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41
Q

Diarrheal bacteria with WBCs

A

Salmonella and shigella
Yersinia
Enteroinvasive E. coli
Campylobacter

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42
Q

Diarrhea without WBCs

A

Toxin producing (S. Aureus, VIBRIO CHOLERAE), virus, parasites

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43
Q

Fecal leukocyte determination that involves agglutination

A

Lactoferrin agglutination test

44
Q

Found in secondary granules of neutrophils

A

Lactoferrin

45
Q

Positive for lactoferrin agglutination test is indicative of

A

Invasive bacterial pathogen

46
Q

Most frequently performed fecal analysis

A

Guiac fecal occult blood test (gFOBT)

47
Q

A screening test for colorectal cancer

A

GFOBT

48
Q

Sample for gFOBT

A

Center portion of the stool

49
Q

gFOBT principle

A

Pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin

50
Q

Positive result color of gFOBT

A

Oxidized Guiac blue

51
Q

Most sensitive chromogen for FOBT

A

Benzidine

52
Q

Preferred chromogen for FOBT

A

Guiac

53
Q

What should be avoided to avoid false negative FOBT

A

VITAMIN C
Iron supplements containing vit c

54
Q

These are avoided for 7 days to avoid false positive FOBT

A

Aspirin
NSAIDs other than paracetamol

55
Q

Other FOBT test that uses anti hemoglobin antibodies ; more sensitive to globin

A

Immunochemical

56
Q

other FOBT that involves conversion of heme to fluorescent porphyrins

A

Porphyrin-based

57
Q

Bloody stools and vomitus are sometimes seen in neonates as a result of swallowing maternal blood during delivery

A

Apt-Downey test

58
Q

It is added to emulsified stool after centrifugation in Apt-Downey Test

A

1% NaOH

59
Q

Apt test positive result : Pink solution

A

Pink solution = fetal blood

60
Q

Apt test positive result : Yellow brown Supernatant

A

Maternal blood

61
Q

Apt test: denatured by NaOH

A

Maternal blood

62
Q

Apt test: alkaline resistant

A

Fetal blood

63
Q

A fecal screening test that detects pancreatic enzyme called trypsin

A

X-ray film test (Gelatin Test)

64
Q

X-ray film test : when _____ is present in stool, it digest _____ on the X-ray film, living clear area

A

Trypsin ; gelatin

65
Q

X-ray film test: clearing of film

A

+ trypsin

66
Q

Absence of trypsin is seen in what condition

A

Cystic fibrosis

67
Q

Most valuable screening fecal test in assessing cases of infant diarrhea

A

Fecal carbohydrates

68
Q

Tests for fecal carbohydrates (2)

A

Clinitest
Fecal pH

69
Q

Clinitest of >0.5 g/dL is indicative of

A

Carbohydrate intolerance

70
Q

Normal stool pH

A

7.0-8.0

71
Q

Stool pH in carbohydrate disorder

A

<5.5 pH

72
Q

Fecal screening test involving immunoassay using an ELISA test

A

Elastase-1

73
Q

Fecal screening test that is a sensitive indicator of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

A

Elastase-1

74
Q

_____ a pentose that is absorbed without the help of pancreatic enzymes and is not metabolized

A

D-xylose

75
Q

A fecal screening test that differentiates malabsorption and maldigestion

A

D-xylose test

76
Q

Specimen for D-xylose test

A

2 hour post prandial blood
5hour urine

77
Q

Low urine D-xylose

A

Malabsorption

78
Q

Normal urine D-xylose

A

Maldigestion

79
Q

In diarrhea, Stool weight _______ with increased liquidity and frequency of >3x/day

A

> 200 g/day

80
Q

Duration of acute diarrhea

A

<4 weeks

81
Q

Duration of chronic diarrhea

A

> 4 weeks

82
Q

Major mechanism of diarrhea

A

Secretory
Osmotic
Altered motility

83
Q

Lab tests used to differentiate secretory, osmotic, and altered motility :

A

Fecal electrolytes (sodium potasssium)
Fecal osmolarity
Fecal pH

84
Q

Normal fecal osmolarity

A

290 mOsm/kg

85
Q

Normal fecal sodium level

A

30 mmol/L

86
Q

Normal fecal potassium level

A

75 mmol/L

87
Q

Increased secretion of water electrolytes which override the reabsorptive ability of the large intestine

A

Secretory diarrhea

88
Q

Fecal osmotic gap of secretory diarrhea

A

<50 mOsm/kg

89
Q

Retention of water and electrolytes in the large intestine due to incomplete breakdown or reabsorption of food

A

Osmotic diarrhea

90
Q

Fecal osmotic gap of osmotic diarrhea

A

> 75 mOsm/kg

91
Q

Enhanced (hyper motility) or slow (constipation) motility

A

Altered motility

92
Q

Sedi stain and KOVA stain are also known as

A

Sternheimer-Malbin stain

93
Q

The ultimate goal of urinalysis is to ________and ________ while increasing productivity and standardization

A

Improve reproducibility and color discrimination

94
Q

In UF-1000i analyazer, particles in the urine are categorized on the basis of: (FIFAS)

A

FORWARD SCATER
IMPEDANCE SIGNALS
FLUORESCENCE STAINING
ADAPTIVE CLUSTER ANALYSIS
SIDE SCATTER

95
Q

UF1000i analyzer: specific for detection of bacteria

A

Side scatter

96
Q

In UF1000i automated urinalysis analyzer, bacteria can be quantitated with the used of _____ and _____

A

Scattergram and histogram

97
Q

Particles enumerated in UF1000i

A

Rbcs, WBCs, epithelial cells, hyaline casts , bacteria

98
Q

Flagged particles in UF1000i

A

Nonhyaline (pathological) casts, crystals, small round cells, yeast, mucus, sperm

99
Q

Based on a team concept involving personnel at all levels working together to achieve a final outcome of customer satisfaction on through implementation

A

Total quality management

100
Q

Improving patient outcomes by providing construal quality care in a constantly changing health-care environment

A

Continuous health care environment (CQI)

101
Q

QC of reagents, refractometer, check the temperatures of refrigerators and water baths is done

A

Daily

102
Q

Disinfection of centrifuges, checking of pH and purity meter resistance of deionized water

A

Weekly basis

103
Q

Diluents checked for contaminants

A

Biweekly

104
Q

QC for bacterial count on deionized water

A

Monthly basis

105
Q

Cytocentrifuge QC

A

Monthly basis

106
Q

Calibration of centrifuges ( tachometer, strobe light, stopwatch)

A

3 or 6 months

107
Q

Professional cleaning of the microscope is done

A

Annually

CLINICAL MICROSCOPY (9 decks)

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