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CLINICAL MICROSCOPY > MICROSCOPIC EXAM OF URINE > Flashcards

MICROSCOPIC EXAM OF URINE Flashcards

1
Q

spx for addis count

A

12 hour urine

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2
Q

preservative used for addis count

A

formalin

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3
Q

used to clean the optical surfaces of the microscope

A

lens paper

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4
Q

performs initial focusing (used for LPO and SO)

A

coarse adjustment knob

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5
Q

secondary magnification

A

oculars or eyepiece

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6
Q

lenses which form primary/initial image of specimen

A

objectives

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7
Q

order from light source to oculars

A

light source > condenser > stage > objectives > oculars

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8
Q

microscope used for routine urinalysis

A

bright field microscope

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9
Q

microscope used that enhances visualization of translucent elements (low refractive indices like casts)

A

phase contrast microscope

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10
Q

microscope that detects the presence or absence of birefringence

A

polarizing microscope

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11
Q

microscopy used for identification of cholesterol in oval fat bodies, fatty casts, and crystals

A

polarizing microscopy

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12
Q

to convert bright field into polarizing, add _____ filters

A

2 filters

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13
Q

microscopy used for the identification of Treponema pallidum

A

dark field microscopy

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14
Q

to convert bright field to dark field, __________ with a darkfield condenser that contains an opaque disk

A

replace the condenser

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15
Q

3D microscopy image and layer by layer imaging of a specimen

A

interference contrast microscopy

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16
Q

________ can be adapted for interference contrast microscopy

A

bright field microscopes

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17
Q

two types interference contrast micrscope

A

Nomarski (differential interference contrast)
Hoffman ( Modulation contrast)

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18
Q

delineates structure and constructing colors of the nucleus and cytoplasm

A

sternheimer-malbin

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19
Q

components of sternheimer malbin stain

A

crystal violet and safranin O

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20
Q

differentiates wbcs and rte cells

A

toluidine blue

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21
Q

most commonly used supravital stain

A

sternheimer malbin stain

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22
Q

distinguishes rbcs from wbcs, yeast, oil droplets and crystals

A

2% acetic acid

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23
Q

stains triglycerides and neutral fats orange red

A

lipid stains (oil red o and sudan III)

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24
Q

identifies hemosiderin granules

A

prussian blue (rous test)

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25
Q

stains DNA

A

phenathridine (orange)

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26
Q

stains nuclear membranes, mitochondrial, and cell membrane

A

carbocyanine (green)

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27
Q

stains used by sysmex UF-100 urine cell analyzer

A

phenathridine
carbocyanine

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28
Q

rbcs normal value per HPF

A

0-2 or 0-3

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29
Q

appearance of rbc in hypotonic urine

A

swell/lyse (ghost cells) / shadow cells

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30
Q

rbcs appearance in glomerular membrane damage

A

dysmorphic with projections fragmented (acanthocytes)

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31
Q

sources of error in rbc sediment

A

yeast, oil droplets, air bubbles, monohydrate calcium oxalate crystals

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32
Q

remedy for rbc error

A

add 2% acetic acid

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33
Q

most predominant wbc seen in pyuria

A

neutrophils

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34
Q

in _____ urine, neutrophils swell, and granules undergo ________ ________ producing sparkling appearance (______ ______)

A

hypotonic urine ; brownian movement ; glitter cells

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35
Q

normal value of eosinophil in pyuria

A

1%

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36
Q

significant value of eosinophil seen in pyuria

A

> 1%

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37
Q

> 1% eosinophil is seen in what condition

A

acute interstitial nephritis

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38
Q

sternheimer malbin cells that appear pale blue

A

glitter cells

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39
Q

sternheimer malbin cells that appear pale pink

A

leukocytes

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40
Q

largest cell

A

squamous epithelial cell

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41
Q

squamous epithelial cell covered with Gardnerella vaginalis

A

clue cells

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42
Q

associated with bacterial vaginosis

A

clue cells

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43
Q

spherical, polyhedral or caudate with CENTRALLY LOCATED NUCLEUS

A

transitional epithelial (urothelial) cell

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44
Q

epithelial cell derived from renal pelvis, calyces, ureter

A

transitional epithelial cells

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45
Q

most clinically significant epithelial cell

A

renal tubular epithelial cell

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46
Q

epithelial cell with eccentric nucleus

A

renal tubular epithelial cell

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47
Q

shape of rte cell if found in collecting duct

A

cuboidal with flat edge, polygonal, columnar

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48
Q

> 2 RTE / hpf indicates

A

tubular injury

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49
Q

renal tubular fat bodies

A

oval fat bodies

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50
Q

highly refractile RTE cell

A

oval fat bodies

51
Q

seen in lipiduria (nephrotic syndrome)

A

oval fat bodies

52
Q

sediment that forms MALTESE CROSS FORMATION as seen in polarizing microscope

A

cholesterol

53
Q
  • rte cell with non lipid vacuoles
  • injured cells in which the endoplasmic reticulum has dilated prior to cell death
  • seen in acute tubular necrosis
A

bubble cells

54
Q

most frequent parasite encountered in urine

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

55
Q

agent of ping pong disease

A

t. vaginalis

56
Q

parasite associated with bladder cancer

A

schistosoma hematobium

57
Q

urinary bladder cancer markers

A

NMP - nuclear matrix protein
BTA - bladder tumor antigen

58
Q

urinary sediment with low refractive index

A

mucus threads

59
Q

major constituents of mucus threads

A

tamm-horsefall protein (uromodulin)

60
Q

BACTERIA: rare

A

0-10

61
Q

BACTERIA: few

A

10-50

62
Q

NORMAL CRYSTALS: moderate

A

5-20

63
Q

NORMAL CRYSTALS: moderate

A

5-20

64
Q

squamous epithelial cells reporting

A

rare, few, moderate, or many per LPF

65
Q

transitional epithelial cells, yeast reporting

A

rare, few, moderate, or many per HPF

66
Q

renal tubular epithelial cells reporting

A

average number per 10 HPFs

67
Q

oval fat bodies reporting

A

average number per HPF

68
Q

abnormal crystals, cast reporting

A

average number per LPF

69
Q

casts primarily formed in the

A

DCT, CD

70
Q

major constituent of cast

A

uromodulin / tamm horsefall protein

71
Q

cylindroids have the same significance as cast ( true or false)

A

trueeee

72
Q

examination of cast is performed in what region of slide

A

along coverslip edges with subdued light

73
Q

prototype cast
most frequently encountered and most difficult to discover

A

hyaline cast

74
Q

type of cast that is colorless and translucent ; subdued light is required when using bright field microscope

A

hyaline cast

75
Q

_______ light used to for hyaline cast when using bright field microscope

A

subdued light

76
Q

hyaline cast normal value

A

0-2 per lpf

77
Q

physiologic cause of hyaline cast

A

strenuous exercise, stress

78
Q

cast that indicates bleeding

A

rbc cast

79
Q

easily identified by its orange red color

A

rbc cast

80
Q

rbc cast clinical significance

A

strenuous exercise

81
Q

indicates inflammation or infection within the nephron

A

wbc cast

82
Q

cast seen in tubular damage

A

epithelial (rte) cast

83
Q

casts seen in strenuous exercise

A

hyaline cast
rbc cast
bacterial cast

84
Q

final degenerative form of all type of cast

A

waxy cast

85
Q

cast seen in chronic renal failure

A

waxy cast

86
Q

often referred to as the renal failure cast

A

broad cast

87
Q

this cast indicates destruction or widening of the tubular walls

A

broad cast

88
Q

most common type of broad cast

A

waxy and granular

89
Q

factors that contribute to crystal formation

A

pH
SOLUTE CONCENTRATION
TEMPERATURE

90
Q

normal crystals are reported as

A

rare, few, moderate, many per HPF

91
Q

abnormal crystals are reported as

A

average number per LPF

92
Q

normal acid crystals

A

amorphous urates
uric acid
calcium oxalate (dihydrate and monohydrate)

93
Q

fluffy orange or pink sediment (BRICK DUST) due to erythryin

A

amorphous urates

94
Q

a normal acid crystal with yellow brown granules

A

amorphous urates

95
Q

a normal acid crystal that is soluble in heat (60 deg c) and alkali

A

amorphous urates

96
Q

rhombic (diamond) 4-sided flat plate (whetstone), LEMON SHAPED

A

URIC ACID CRYSTAL

97
Q

hexagonal forms may be mistaken as cystine crystals

A

uric acid crystal

98
Q

envelope/pyramidal/octahedron crystal

A

caox dihydrate

99
Q

oval/dumbbell shaped crystal

A

caox monohydrate

100
Q

cigarette butt appearance

A

calcium sulfate

101
Q

yellow brown or colorless elongated prism

A

hippuric acid

102
Q

“pickup sticks” when in clusters

A

sodium urates

103
Q

yellow brown “thorny apples”

A

ammonium biurate

104
Q

prism shaped or coffin lid ; fern lid

A

triple phosphate (magnesium ammonium phosphate, struvite)

105
Q

feathery appearance when they disentegrate

A

triple phosphate (magnesium ammonium phosphate, struvite)

106
Q

rhomboid plates, end or corner may be notched

A

magnesium phosphate

107
Q

flat plate, thin prisms in ROSETTE FORM that may resemble sulfonamide crystals

A

calcium phosphate

108
Q

solubility of uric acid in dilute HCl

A

insoluble

109
Q

solubility of cystine in dilute HCl

A

soluble

110
Q

birefringence is present

A

uric acid

111
Q

absence or weak (thick) of birefringence

A

cystine

112
Q

cyanide nitroprusside reaction in uric acid

A

negative

113
Q

cyanide nitroprusside reaction in cystine

A

positive

114
Q

rectangular plate with notch in one or more corners (staircase pattern)

A

cholesterol

115
Q

it resembles cholesterol crystal

A

radiographic dye

116
Q

fine colorless to yellow needles

A

tyrosine

117
Q

spheres with concentric circles and radial striations

A

leucine

118
Q

precipitated with tyrosine after adding alcohol

A

leucine

119
Q

fan shaped needles, SHEAVES OF WHEAT, rosettes, arrowheads, PETALS, round shaped. whetstones

A

sulfonamide

120
Q

colorless needles that tend to form bundles following refrigeration

A

ampicillin

121
Q

stain for hemosiderin in ROUS TEST

A

prussian blue stain

122
Q

capable of maltese cross formation

A

oval fat bodies
fatty casts
fat droplets
starch granules

123
Q

spheres with dimpled center ( y indentation)

A

starch granules

124
Q

mistaken for parasite ova

A

pollen grains

CLINICAL MICROSCOPY (6 decks)

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